风力发电机叶片主要材料玻璃纤维环氧树脂增强复合材料（GFRP）的损伤,会造成叶片寿命减少甚至断裂,必须进行损伤检测。采用声发射方法可分析GFRP复合材料损伤特性,实现在线监测叶片性能。该文采用声发射b值特征来表征GFRP损伤程度,并通过主成分分析和k-均值++算法进行声发射参数聚类来分析GFRP损坏模式。结果表明：1）对整个声发射事件进行b值分析,观察到GFRP试样在断裂前b值呈明显下降趋势,表明b值的变化率可作为材料断裂的预警信号。2）根据主成分分析9种声发射参数所占主成分比重,选择声发射信号的幅度、峰值频率两个特征参数。通过k-均值++算法对特征参数进行聚类分析,发现拉伸过程的声发射信号分为了4个簇,并找到每个簇的特征频率。3）通过使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对GFRP试样拉伸断口进行观察,得到4个簇分别对应于基体开裂、纤维/基体脱粘、分层和纤维断裂4种损伤模式。基于声发射b值分析方法适用于GFRP损伤特性研究,可在风力发电机叶片损伤检测领域推广。
Abstract
Damage to glass fiber epoxy resin reinforced composite （GFRP）, which is the main material of wind turbine blades, will lead to a reduction in blade life and even fracture, so damage detection must be carried out. The acoustic emission method can be used to analyze the damage characteristics of GFRP composite materials and realize online monitoring of blade performance. In this paper, the acoustic emission b-value feature is used to characterize the damage degree of GFRP, and the acoustic emission parameters are clustered by principal component analysis and the k-means++ algorithm to analyze the damage mode of GFRP. The results are as follows：1） The b-value analysis of the whole acoustic emission event shows that the b-value of the GFRP sample shows a significant downward trend before fracture, indicating that the change rate of the b-value can be used as an early warning signal of material fracture. 2） According to the proportion of nine acoustic emission parameters in the principal component analysis, the amplitude and peak frequency of the AE signal are selected. Through the k-means++ algorithm to cluster the characteristic parameters, it is found that the acoustic emission signals in the stretching process are divided into four clusters, and the characteristic frequency of each cluster is found. 3） The tensile fracture of the GFRP specimen is observed by scanning electron microscope （SEM）, and four damage modes corresponding to matrix cracking, fiber/matrix debonding, delamination and fiber fracture are obtained. The method based on acoustic emission b-value analysis is applicable to research on GFRP damage characteristics and can be popularized in the field of wind turbine blade damage detection.
关键词
风力机叶片 /
声发射 /
复合材料 /
b值分析
Key words
wind turbine blades /
acoustic emission /
composite materials /
b-value analysis
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基金
国家自然科学基金（51908064）; 湖南省自然科学基金（2021JJ30717）
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