针对基于n型晶体硅（c-Si）的异质结（SHJ）太阳电池,通过Griddler软件模拟电池的电流-电压（I-V）性能,对电极金属化图案进行了优化,以实现高转换效率。采用实验验证了模拟结果,并确认了仿真模型的准确性。模拟对比分析了电镀制备的铜电极与丝网印刷制备的银电极在由垂直排列的细栅和主栅组成的梳状图形中的优化效果。主要分析了电镀铜主栅数量、电镀铜与丝网印刷银细栅数量的电性能差异,以及铜电极高度的影响。提出在SHJ太阳电池中镀铜电极实现高效率的最佳参数：主栅数目为12,间距为13.85 mm,细栅间距为1.410 mm、线宽为20 µm时,电镀铜电极比丝网印刷银电极的最佳效率提高0.17%。理论上,电极高度越高,效率越高。通过优化主栅与细栅间的间距,栅线图形的设计可有效适用于不同尺寸的太阳电池。
Abstract
For silicon heterojunction （SHJ） solar cells based on n-type crystalline silicon （c-Si） wafers, the electrode metallization pattern is optimized to realize high conversion efficiency by simulating the current-voltage （I-V） performance of the solar cells via Griddler software. Experimental validation of the simulation results confirm the accuracy of the simulation model. The optimization for copper electrodes prepared by copper-plating and silver electrodes prepared by screen-printing are both investigated and compared with respect to the comb-like pattern composed of fingers and busbars perpendicularly. This study includes the number of copper-plated busbars, a comparison of the electrical performance between copper-plated and screen-printed silver fingers, and the influence of copper electrode height. Optimal parameters for achieving high efficiency with copper-plated electrodes in SHJ solar cells are proposed. The optimal values are found to be 12 busbars, a busbar spacing of 13.85 mm, and a finger spacing of 1.410 mm with a width of 20 μm for the copper-plated electrodes, resulting in an efficiency improvement of 0.17% over the best efficiency achieved with screen-printed silver electrodes. Theoretically, the higher the electrode height, the higher the efficiency. By utilizing the optimal spacing between the busbars and fingers, the grid design can be effectively adapted and scaled for application to solar cells of different sizes.
关键词
硅太阳电池 /
异质结 /
电镀铜 /
Griddler模拟 /
栅线设计
Key words
silicon solar cells /
heterojunction /
copper plating /
griddler simulation /
grid line design
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] LONG W, YIN S, PENG F G, et al.On the limiting efficiency for silicon heterojunction solar cells[J]. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2021, 231: 111291.
[2] DONG G Q, SANG J C, PENG C W, et al.Power conversion efficiency of 25.26% for silicon heterojunction solar cell with transition metal element doped indium oxide transparent conductive film as front electrode[J]. Progress in photovoltaics: research and applications, 2022, 30(9): 1136-1143.
[3] DE WOLF S, DESCOEUDRES A, HOLMAN Z C, et al.High-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells: a review[J]. Green, 2012: 2(1): 7-24.
[4] LIN H, YANG M, RU X N, et al.Silicon heterojunction solar cells with up to 26.81% efficiency achieved by electrically optimized nanocrystalline-silicon hole contact layers[J]. Nature energy, 2023, 8(8): 789-799.
[5] AGUILAR A, HERASIMENKA S Y, KARAS J, et al.Development of Cu plating for silicon heterojunction solar cells[C]//2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference. Portland, USA, 2016, 1972-1975.
[6] BASORE P A.Understanding manufacturing cost influence on future trends in silicon photovoltaics[J]. IEEE journal of photovoltaics, 2014, 4(6): 1477-1482.
[7] YU J, LI J J, ZHAO Y L, et al.Copper metallization of electrodes for silicon heterojunction solar cells: process, reliability and challenges[J]. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2021, 224: 110993.
[8] YU C, ZOU Q J, WANG Q, et al.Silicon solar cell with undoped tin oxide transparent electrode[J]. Nature energy, 2023, 8(10): 1119-1125.
[9] ANTONINI A, STEFANCICH M, VINCENZI D, et al.Contact grid optimization methodology for front contact concentration solar cells[J]. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2003, 80(2): 155-166.
[10] 李凯, 张宪民, 张翔. 太阳电池非等宽主栅前电极栅线的优化设计[J]. 太阳能学报, 2021, 42: 69-76.
LI K, ZHANG X M, ZHANG X.Optimum design of front electrode grid with unequal width busbar for solar cells[J]. Acta energiae solaris sinica, 2021, 42: 69-76.
[11] 任丽, 王倩, 张东, 等. 硅太阳电池的电极优化[J]. 太阳能学报, 2013, 34(10): 1746-1749.
REN L, WANG Q, ZHANG D, et al.Optimum design of metal electrodes of silicon solar cell[J]. Acta energiae solaris sinica, 2013, 34(10): 1746-1749.
[12] GREEN M A.Solar cells: operating principles, technology, and system applications[M]. New Jersey:Englewood Cliffs, 1982.
[13] GUO H L, SUN Q, ZHANG Q M, et al.Numerical analysis of the effects of distributed series resistance and lateral conduction in solar cells[J]. AIP advances, 2022, 12: 015322.
[14] YU J, BIAN J T, DUAN W Y, et al.Tungsten doped indium oxide film: ready for bifacial copper metallization of silicon heterojunction solar cell[J]. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2016, 144: 359-363.
[15] YU J, BIAN J T, LIU Y C, et al.Patterning and formation of copper electroplated contact for bifacial silicon hetero-junction solar cell[J]. Solar energy, 2017, 146: 44-49.
[16] YU J, BAI Y, LI J J, et al.Process challenges of high-performance silicon heterojunction solar cells with copper electrodes[J]. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2023, 250: 112057.
[17] ANANTHANARAYANAN D, WONG J, HO J W, et al.Evaluation of diffused phosphorus emitters using Griddler-PC1D[C]//2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion. Waikoloa, USA, 2018, 2651-2654.
[18] FRÜHAUF F, WONG J, BAUER J, et al. Finite element simulation of inhomogeneous solar cells based on lock-in thermography and luminescence imaging[J]. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2017, 162: 103-113.
[19] FRÜHAUF F, WONG J, BREITENSTEIN O. Luminescence based high resolution finite element simulation of inhomogeneous solar cells[J]. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 2019, 189: 133-137.
[20] WONG J, HO J W, INNS D, et al.Luminescence image analysis using finite-element models: finished solar cell analysis[J]. IEEE journal of photovoltaics, 2020, 10(1): 159-165.
[21] WONG J.Griddler: Intelligent computer aided design of complex solar cell metallization patterns[C]//2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference. Tampa, USA, 2014, 933-938.
[22] PUROHIT Z, CHALIYAWALA H, KUMAR M, et al.Estimating various losses in c-Si solar cells subjected to partial shading: insights into J-V performance reduction[J]. Journal of computational electronics, 2018, 17(2): 810-820.
[23] 陈喜平, 黄纬, 王肖飞,等. MBB太阳电池栅线的设计优化[J]. 太阳能学报, 2020, 41(12): 132-137.
CHEN X P, HUANG W, WANG X F, et al.Optimization of metallization design of MBB solar cell[J]. Acta energiae solaris sinica, 2020, 41(12): 132-137.
[24] ZENG Y L, PENG C W, HONG W, et al.Review on metallization approaches for high-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells[J]. Transactions of Tianjin University, 2022, 28(5): 358-373.
基金
国家自然科学基金（U21A2072; 62174161; 62104228）; 江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项资金项目（BE2022021-4）
PDF(2309 KB)
