APPLICABILITY ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS NOTIONAL NOZZLE MODELS FOR HYDROGEN JET PARAMETER PREDICTIONS

Guo Hangyu; Zhang Jiaxin; Li Xuefang; Chen Mingjia; Ba Qingxin

doi:10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0680

PDF(2464 KB)

Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (9) : 114-122. DOI: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0680

APPLICABILITY ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS NOTIONAL NOZZLE MODELS FOR HYDROGEN JET PARAMETER PREDICTIONS

Guo Hangyu, Zhang Jiaxin, Li Xuefang, Chen Mingjia, Ba Qingxin

Author information +

History +

Abstract

Underexpanded jets generated by high-pressure hydrogen leakage develop complex shock wave structures in the near-field region, making the conventional low-pressure jet integral model inapplicable for underexpanded jets. While notional nozzle models are usually used to provide equivalent boundary conditions for the integral model, the performance of combining different notional nozzle models with the integral model needs to be evaluated. This study combines several commonly used notional nozzle models with the integral model, and evaluates the calculation accuracy based on experimental data. The results show that the predictions agree well with the experimental data for the notional nozzle models that do not assume momentum conservation. However, for the notional nozzle models conserving momentum, the predicted nozzle exit mass flux, velocity and centerline concentration decay rate are larger, resulting in a significant deviation from the experimental data.

Key words

hydrogen / hydrogen safety / underexpanded jets / notional nozzle / integral model / concentration distribution

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

Guo Hangyu, Zhang Jiaxin, Li Xuefang, Chen Mingjia, Ba Qingxin. APPLICABILITY ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS NOTIONAL NOZZLE MODELS FOR HYDROGEN JET PARAMETER PREDICTIONS[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica. 2026, 47(9): 114-122 https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0680

References

[1] 张盛, 郑津洋, 戴剑锋, 等. 可再生能源大规模制氢及储氢系统研究进展[J]. 太阳能学报, 2024, 45(1): 457-465.
Zhang S, Zheng J Y, Dai J F, et al.Research progress on renewable energy system coupled with large-scale hydrogen production and storage[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2024, 45(1): 457-465.
[2] 李军, 薄柯, 黄强华, 等. 高压氢气储运移动式压力容器发展趋势与挑战[J]. 太阳能学报, 2022, 43(3): 20-26.
Li J, Bo K, Huang Q H, et al.Development trend and challenges of high pressure hydrogen transpotable pressure vessel[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2022, 43(3): 20-26.
[3] 邝辰, 刘迪, 杨昊, 等. 氢气泄漏后燃爆风险研究现状综述[J]. 安全、健康和环境, 2021, 21(9): 1-5.
Kuang C, Liu D, Yang H, et al.Review on research status of combustion and explosion risk after hydrogen leakage[J]. Safety Health & Environment, 2021, 21(9): 1-5.
[4] 王桂芸, 胡辰树, 刘光辉, 等. 车库内不同车型燃料电池汽车氢泄漏仿真模拟[J]. 太阳能学报, 2024, 45(10): 48-53.
Wang G Y, Hu C S, Liu G H, et al.Numerical simulation of hydrogen leaking from fuel cell vehicles of different types in garage[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2024, 45(10): 48-53.
[5] 郑津洋, 刘自亮, 花争立, 等. 氢安全研究现状及面临的挑战[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2020, 20(1): 106-115.
Zheng J Y, Liu Z L, Hua Z L, et al.Research status-in-situ and key challenges in hydrogen safety[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2020, 20(1): 106-115.
[6] Ruggles A J, Ekoto I W.Experimental investigation of nozzle aspect ratio effects on underexpanded hydrogen jet release characteristics[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(35): 20331-20338.
[7] Ruggles A J, Ekoto I W.Ignitability and mixing of underexpanded hydrogen jets[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37(22): 17549-17560.
[8] 李雪芳, 王俞杰, 罗峰, 等. 欠膨胀氢气射流激波结构数值模拟研究[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2018, 39(4): 880-886.
Li X F, Wang Y J, Luo F, et al.Numerical simulation of shock structures of under-expanded hydrogen jets[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2018, 39(4): 880-886.
[9] Birch A D, Brown D R, Dodson M G, et al.The structure and concentration decay of high pressure jets of natural gas[J]. Combustion Science and Technology, 1984, 36(5/6): 249-261.
[10] Birch A D, Hughes D J, Swaffield F.Velocity decay of high pressure jets[J]. Combustion Science and Technology, 1987, 52(1/2/3): 161-171.
[11] Yüceil K B, Ötügen M V.Scaling parameters for underexpanded supersonic jets[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2002, 14(12): 4206-4215.
[12] Molkov V, Makarov D, Bragin M.Physics and modelling of under-expanded jets and hydrogen dispersion in atmosphere[C]//Physics of Extreme States of Matter-2009. 2009: 146-149.
[13] Tchouvelev A V.Knowledge gaps in hydrogen safety, a white paper[R]. Paris: IEA-HIA Task 19, 2008.
[14] 李雪芳. 储氢系统意外氢气泄漏和扩散研究[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2015.
Li X F.Dispersion of unintended subsonic and supersonic hydrogen releases from hydrogen storage systems[D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2015.
[15] Xiao J, Travis J R, Breitung W.Hydrogen release from a high pressure gaseous hydrogen reservoir in case of a small leak[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36(3): 2545-2554.
[16] Ewan B C R, Moodie K. Structure and velocity measurements in underexpanded jets[J]. Combustion Science and Technology, 1986, 45(5/6): 275-288.
[17] Houf W, Schefer R.Analytical and experimental investigation of small-scale unintended releases of hydrogen[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33(4): 1435-1444.
[18] Winters W S, Houf W G.Simulation of small-scale releases from liquid hydrogen storage systems[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36(6): 3913-3921.
[19] Li X F, Hecht E S, Christopher D M.Validation of a reduced-order jet model for subsonic and underexpanded hydrogen jets[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(2): 1348-1358.
[20] Ricou F P, Spalding D B.Measurements of entrainment by axisymmetrical turbulent jets[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1961, 11(1): 21-32.
[21] List E J, Imberger J.Turbulent entrainment in buoyant jets and plumes[J]. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 1973, 99(9): 1461-1474.