Welcome to visit Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, Today is
太阳能学报

Current Issue

  • Select all
    |
  • RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF SOLAR ENERGY RESOURCES IN MAINLAND CHINA BASED ON FINE-SCALE DATA
    Zhang Weirui, Hu Qi, Chu Xiya, Zhang Ke, He Huayun, Wang Xiaochen
    2026, 47(5): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2373
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on daily meteorological data from 496 stations across China spanning 1961 to 2020, this study investigates the abundance, stability, and spatio-temporal distribution of seasonal solar energy resources. By integrating multi-source data—including high-resolution digital elevation models （DEM）, land use, geomorphology, population density, and photovoltaic （PV） potential—we estimate provincial PV power generation potential and analyze the actual spatial distribution and deployment modes of PV stations. The results reveal that Northwest China and Inner Mongolia, with annual surface solar radiation exceeding 5040 kWh·m-2, possess rich and stable solar resources highly suitable for PV development. Over the past 60 years, solar energy resources have exhibited a downward trend, with the most pronounced decline observed in summer （-6.10 kW·h/（m²·10a））. China's total PV generation potential is estimated at 32.29 trillion kW·h, with Xinjiang accounting for the highest provincial potential （6.62 trillion kW·h）. Conversely, Hebei province recorded the highest actual PV generation in 2023 （23.21 billion kW·h）. Regions such as Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Northeast China demonstrate low solar resource utilization （ratio of actual to potential generation<1%）, indicating they should be prioritized for future PV expansion. The spatial distribution of existing PV stations aligns well with the spatial distribution of PV generation potential. While centralized PV systems currently dominate the deployment, substantial potential remains for distributed PV development.
  • RESEARCH ON DAY-AHEAD TRADING STRATEGIES FOR WIND-SOLAR-HYDROGEN-STORAGE HYBRID POWER PLANTS CONSIDERING EFFICIENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTROLYZERS
    Sun Hao, Xing Zuoxia, Wu Weining, Zhu Zhi
    2026, 47(5): 13-24. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2301
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To improve the economic performance of such hybrid power plants in the electricity-hydrogen coupled market, an in-depth study is conducted on the scheduling and trading strategies of hybrid power plants participating in the day-ahead market. First, a two-stage optimal operation framework based on a dual-settlement mechanism is established, and stochastic optimization methods are employed to effectively handle uncertainties in hybrid power plants. Second, a piecewise linearization technique is adopted to fit the hydrogen production efficiency curve, enabling optimal efficiency scheduling of electrolyzers. In addition, a coordinated operation strategy for multiple electrolyzers is designed to effectively extend the service life of the electrolyzers. Finally, simulation case studies demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively achieve coordinated regulation and optimal operation of renewable electricity trading and hydrogen production through the coupled optimization of energy storage systems and electrolyzers, thereby verifying the effectiveness and rationality of the model.
  • PROVINCIAL MULTI-ENERGY COLLABORATIVE CAPACITY PLANNING CONSIDERING HYDRO-WIND-SOLAR RESOURCE ENDOWMENT AND CARBON EMISSION CONSTRAINTS
    Li Ming, Liu Yong, Wanyan Rui, Zhang Meng, Zhao Ziwen, Chen Diyi
    2026, 47(5): 25-36. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2305
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Addressing the lack of consideration for regional resource potential and carbon emissions in existing capacity planning models, this study develops an energy system planning model using the MESSAGEix framework. The model incorporates China's regional water resource potential and techno-economic characteristics, exploring decarbonization pathways under coal power decommissioning and carbon emission constraints. Results indicate that both constraints accelerate wind and solar expansion, with wind power growth averaging 10.07% higher and photovoltaic growth 32.49% higher than the baseline scenario. Carbon emission constraints drive renewable expansion more significantly than coal decommissioning, while pumped-storage hydropow or exhibits the opposite trend due to hydropower resource endowment and the exisiting energy structure.
  • REVIEW OF GAME THEORY IN COUPLED ELECTRICITY-CERTIFICATE-CARBON MARKETS
    Liu Jun, Wang Peng, Lyu Xiaoyuan, Xiao Peiqing, Guo Hongxia
    2026, 47(5): 37-47. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2319
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In response to issues such as significant conflicts of interest among multiple stakeholders, the interdependence of trading strategies, and the complexity of market coordination mechanisms in electric-certificate-carbon market, this paper reviews the application of game theory in such markets.Firstly, the trading framework and game behavior of the electric-certificate-carbon market are proposed, the coupling role of the electric-certificate-carbon market and the game behavior existing in the coupled market are introduced, and the correlation between the prices of each market as well as the diversity of the behaviors of the participants subjects are emphasized. Subsequently, the important concepts of classical and evolutionary games and their specific applications in the coupled electric-certificate-carbon market are elaborated in detail, including the analysis of market equilibrium state , the selection of optimal strategies and the design of policy parameters. Finally, the future application of game theory in the coupled electric-certificate-carbon market is envisioned.
  • VIRTUAL INERTIA OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION FOR NEW ENERGY POWER SYSTEMS CONSIDERING NODE FREQUENCY SECURITY CONSTRAINTS
    Zhang Bo, Wu Xuan, Zhang Chengjian, Wang Lei
    2026, 47(5): 48-57. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2334
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Aiming at the problem of significant spatial differences in the frequency response process of each node in the new energy power system, in order to improve the frequency stability of the system, a virtual inertia optimal configuration method considering node frequency security constraints is proposed. Firstly, the frequency disturbance rejection capability of each node is analyzed by using the node equivalent inertia index, and the spatial distribution characteristics of the system inertia are quantitatively characterized. Furthermore, the system frequency response model with synchronous generators and renewable power resources is established, and the system COI frequency index and node frequency index are calculated. Then, the equivalent inertia of the node is introduced into the objective function, and the virtual inertia optimal configuration model considering the COI frequency security constraint and the node frequency security constraint is established respectively, and the evaluation standard of the equivalent inertia adequacy of the node is proposed. Finally, the improved IEEE 39-bus system simulation example analysis shows that the virtual inertia optimal configuration considering the node frequency security constraint can improve the system frequency response performance and realize the system inertia level evaluation at the node level.
  • MULTI-LOAD PREDICTION OF INTEGRATED ENERGY SYSTEM BASED ON DUAL FEATURE IDENTIFICATION
    Li Jinhui, Wang Cong, Zhang Hongli, Ma Ping, Lu Xuehui
    2026, 47(5): 58-69. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2354
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper proposes a method in order to effectively extract the relevant features of the data in the integrated energy system（IES）,identify the important features in the multi-load forecasting task,and improve the prediction accuracy and speed of multi-load forecasting. In this paper,a short-term prediction model of multiple loads in an integrated energy system based on an improved convolutional neural network（CNN） and an attention mechanism is proposed,which realizes dual feature recognition and accurate prediction of multiple loads. Firstly,the correlation analysis of the data is carried out to screen out the meteorological characteristics with strong correlation with multiple loads,and then improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise （ICEEMDAN） is carried out on the electrical, cooling and heating load data, and the complex multi-load time series is efficiently decomposed into K intrinsic modes （IMFs）, and the correlation analysis of IMFs is carried out to screen out the key IMFs. Secondly,CNN is used for feature recognition,wherelocal important features of the data are extracted,and then the gated recurrent unit （GRU） is used to capture the dynamic changes of the time series data. Then,the attention mechanism is introduced to realize the dual feature recognition,enhance the attention of the model to the key features,and improve the accuracy of prediction. Finally,the multivariate load data of Arizona State University Tempe Campus were used for experimental testing,and comparative models were used for comparative analysis. The results show that the average absolute percentage errors of electrical,cooling and heating loads of the proposed method are 5.1%,4.23% and 3.68%,respectively,which has higher prediction accuracy and faster computational speed than other models.
  • OPEN CIRCUIT FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF DC CHARGING PILE VIENNA RECTIFIER BASED ON FREQUENCY DOMAIN FAULT CHARACTERISTICS
    Hu Yaogang, Jiang Neng, Ran Linxiang, Li Weilin, Li Junhong
    2026, 47(5): 70-80. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2362
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The open circuit fault of the Vienna rectifier of the DC charging pile in the microgrid will cause AC current distortion and then introduce harmonic current to the microgrid. Because the line impedance between the distributed power sources and the point of common coupling （PCC） is inconsistent, the harmonic power between the power sources cannot be evenly distributed, affecting the safe operation of the microgrid. It is necessary to diagnose the fault location of the power devices in time to determine the source and cause of harmonics in the microgrid, which plays an important role in reducing the maintenance time and cost of the charging pile, improving the utilization rate of the charging pile and the operation reliability of the microgrid. In this paper, aiming at the open circuit fault of single or two power devices, the frequency domain characteristic system of DC charging pile open circuit fault and its fault diagnosis method are developed. Firstly, considering the influence factors such as voltage fluctuation of microgrid, noise interference and load difference of battery packs of different types of electric vehicles, aiming at the problem that it is difficult to obtain effective fault diagnosis results by using single or a small number of frequency domain fault characteristics, the fault characteristics system of DC charging pile is constructed. Secondly, in order to realize the open circuit fault diagnosis of Vienna rectifier, RBF neural network is applied to build the fault diagnosis model of the Vienna rectifier of the DC charging pile. Finally, simulation and experimental results show that the proposed open circuit fault frequency domain characteristic system and open circuit fault diagnosis method are effective; Compared with the existing fault diagnosis methods, the proposed diagnosis method has the highest accuracy in the case of noise interference and microgrid voltage imbalance.
  • DYNAMIC COORDINATED CONTROL BASED ON EFFICIENCY OF PV-STORAGE-HYDROGEN DC MICROGRID
    Zheng Shicheng, Liu Xu, Zhou Songlin, Yang Zhijun
    2026, 47(5): 81-90. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2367
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the issues of improving electricity utilization and hydrogen production stability in photovoltaic hydrogen production systems, a dynamic coordination control strategy based on maximum efficiency point tracking is proposed, considering both the advantages of direct coupling for high electricity utilization and indirect coupling for flexibility and control. First, photovoltaic power generation models, electrolysis hydrogen production efficiency models, and battery voltage regulation models are established. In off-grid mode, the particle swarm optimization algorithm and sliding mode control are used to achieve maximum efficiency point tracking for the electrolyzer. Then, based on the maximum output power of the photovoltaic system and the battery's state of charge, dynamic coordination control optimization of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system is performed. Finally, the algorithm is validated through simulations. The results show that the proposed method can flexibly switch between five different operating conditions by evaluating the maximum output power of the photovoltaic system and the battery's state of charge. It can also track the maximum efficiency point in real-time when the operating temperature changes, thus improving the system's energy conversion efficiency and reducing current ripple.
  • ECONOMIC DISPATCH OF NEW MULTI-AREA POWER SYSTEM BASED ON JOINT RESERVE CAPACITY
    Yin Yanling, Ren Xuyang, Bu Xuhui, Li Xuan
    2026, 47(5): 91-97. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2369
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To further improve the flexible scheduling capability of the new multi-area power system under unchanged resource conditions, a novel multi-area power system economic dispatch model based on joint reserve capacity is proposed. Firstly, by comprehensively considering the multi-area renewable energy consumption, the multi-area joint reserve capacity calculation theory is proposed. Second, based on the multi-area joint reserve capacity, a multi-area interconnected power system economic dispatch model is constructed for the introduction of a high proportion of renewable energy, and the dispatch model is solved using sorted grouping-based adaptive multi-strategy differential evolution algorithm. Meanwhile, for the constraints in the model, a constraint handling method combining the repair strategy and the penalty function method is proposed. Finally, the proposed method is compared with the traditional method in three-area and four-area power systems, respectively, to verify the effectiveness of the new multi-area power system economic dispatch model based on joint reserve capacity.
  • CAPACITY OPTIMIZATION CONFIGURATION OF REGIONAL INTEGRATED ENERGY SYSTEMS BASED ON COLLABORATIVE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION WITH HYBRID ELECTROLYZERS
    Zhang Xueping, Cheng Zhijiang, Yang Handi, Ren Jigang, Wu Renkang
    2026, 47(5): 98-109. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2398
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To mitigate the adverse impacts of the volatility and randomness of wind and photovoltaic resources on the lifespan of electrolyzers, this paper proposes a regional integrated energy system scheme based on collaborative hydrogen production using hybrid electrolyzers. The system leverages the complementary advantages of alkaline electrolyzers and proton exchange membrane electrolyzers to effectively extend the service life of the electrolyzers. A capacity optimal configuration model is established with the objective of minimizing the annual average system cost, and the secretary bird optimization algorithm is employed to determine the optimal configuration of wind turbines, photovoltaics units, gas turbines, batteries, fuel cells, alkaline electrolyzers, proton exchange membrane electrolyzers, hydrogen storage tanks, thermal storage equipment, and gas boilers. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system reduces the electrolyzer life degradation cost, effectively extends their service life, and enhances the system's economic efficiency by recovering and utilizing the waste heat generated by fuel cells and electrolyzers.
  • GRID FREQUENCY DISTURBANCE REJECTION ENHANCEMENT FOR POWER LOOP CONTROL OF VIRTUAL SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
    Yang Bo, Chen Weibin, Li Hao, Li Jinsong, Lu Shuai
    2026, 47(5): 110-122. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2403
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the problem that existing studies on virtual synchronous generator （VSG） power control are mainly oriented toward sudden power command change conditions, while insufficient attention has been paid to the transient response characteristics under grid frequency fluctuations, this paper conducts research on grid frequency disturbance response analysis and oscillation suppression methods. First, this paper analyzes various existing typical improvement strategies, and points out that the existing schemes change the transfer function of the grid frequency response loop, thus deteriorating the transient response characteristics under grid frequency disturbances. Based on the analysis, from the perspective of reconstructing the power transmission model, this paper proposes a method for reshaping the VSG power transmission model by adding the amplitude-frequency characteristics to the virtual impedance. Compared with traditional VSG and existing schemes, the proposed scheme can not only improve the power response characteristics but also enhance the ability to resist grid frequency disturbance. Finally, this paper establishes a 20 kW experimental platform and a back-to-back grid-side frequency step generator to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme under the above two working conditions.
  • BI-LEVEL OPTIMIZATION SCHEDULING OF MICROGRID CONSIDERING DEMAND RESPONSE AND ORDERED INTEGRATION OF EVS
    Xiao Renxin, Ma Silin, Pan Nan, Jia Xianguang, Chen Guisheng
    2026, 47(5): 123-134. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2411
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In response to the issues of poor source-load matching and low local consumption rate of renewable energy caused by the large-scale, unordered integration of renewable energy generation and electric vehicles （EVs） into microgrids, a bi-level optimization model for microgrid adjustment and scheduling is proposed, considering demand response and orderly EV integration. The upper-level model combines price-based demand response（PBDR）and incentive-based demand response（IBDR）strategies, directly regulating the load curve obtained from time-of-use electricity pricing to minimize the peak-to-valley difference and net load variance of the microgrid. The lower-level model accounts for the V2G （vehicle-to-grid） characteristics of EVs, coordinating the scheduling of the microgrid's generation, grid, load, and storage to minimize operational costs and improve the local consumption rate of renewable energy. Typical case studies show that, based on the load curve adjusted by the upper-level model, microgrid scheduling can increase the renewable energy consumption rate by 23.3% and reduce operational costs by 3.6%. Additionally, considering the orderly integration of EVs can further increase the renewable energy consumption rate by 1.2% and reduce operational costs by 3.3%. The study demonstrates that the proposed bi-level optimization strategy for microgrid scheduling better matches the characteristics of renewable energy generation and load in the microgrid, while orderly EV integration can reduce grid operation costs and enhance the local consumption of renewable energy.
  • SINGLE-STAGE THREE-PHASE ZETA THREE-LEVEL INVERTER
    Wang Liqiao, Li Jing, Li Zongyang, Shen Hong
    2026, 47(5): 135-145. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0027
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A single-stage three-phase Zeta three-level inverter is introduced in this paper. The inverter meets the current demand for three-phase inverters with multi-level capability and the ability to step up/down voltage, which can be applied to high-power photovoltaic systems. Additionally, the carrier phase-shifted pulse width modulation is applied in this paper, which can effectively suppress the generation of even-order harmonics and improve the waveform quality of the inverter. The working principle of the proposed inverter is introduced in this paper. The CPS-PWM with zero-vector injection is also analyzed. Its buck-boost capability is also analyzed,followed by the design of inductance and capacitance parameters for the inverter. By designing a closed-loop control strategy, the system is endowed with a certain level of anti-interference capability. Ultimately, the simulation and experimentation confirm the feasibility and accuracy of the network structure.
  • POWER CONVERSION NETWORKING AND MODELING APPROACH FOR WAVE-WIND-SOLAR-STORAGE INTEGRATED PLATFORM
    Lin Yingming, Yan Binjie, Xie Pingping, Zeng Kaiyue, Gao Dongzhao, Wang Kunlin
    2026, 47(5): 146-155. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0031
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the stable power supply challenge posed by volatile, intermittent, and random renewable energy integration in wave-wind-solar-storage integrated power generation platforms with various installed capacity configurations and operation modes, three wave-wind-solar-storage integrated offshore platform topology circuits and power conversion networking technologies are proposed. A comprehensive simulation model, including wind, solar, wave, energy storage, and load is established. The system is tested under different operation modes and various disturbance conditions. The results show that the renewable energy are independently and efficiently converted, and the voltage and frequency are stabilized. The wave-wind-solar-storage integrated networking and modeling method provides an effective solution adaptable to various offshore power generation platform scenarios, effectively addressing the challenge of stable power supply for wave-wind-solar-storage power generation platforms. This method offers effective technical support for the integration of marine renewable energy, accommodating increasingly complex platform topologies, diversified power generation units, and hybrid converter technologies.
  • SHORT-TERM BALANCE MARGIN ENHANCEMENT METHOD OF POWER SYSTEM BASED ON VARIABLE TIME SCALES AND TWO-STAGE ROBUST OPTIMIZATION
    Ren Qiangyu, Wang Jianxue, Yang Qian, Guo Jincheng, Qi Jie, Zhang Yao
    2026, 47(5): 156-166. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0034
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the issue of inadequate short-term power balance sufficiency in high-proportion renewable energy power system, a method for enhancing power system balance margin based on variable time scales and two-stage robust optimization is proposed. Considering the uncertainties of renewable energy and load, a two-stage robust optimization model for power balance analysis is established. The model developed short-term hour-level and ultra-short-term minute-level balances at variable time scales. Taking into account the coal quality differences of thermal power units during different periods, a refined model of the operational characteristics of thermal power units is developed. A balance margin early warning and enhancement system centered on short-term balance margin is constructed. Flexible resources are utilized through hierarchical and classified allocation to enhance the short-term power balance margin. The results of case studies demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively improve system balance adequacy, enhance the robustness to renewable energy and load fluctuations and strengthen the power supply capability during peak load periods.
  • ANALYZING ENERGY FLEXIBILITY POTENTIAL OF SOLAR-AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP HEATING SYSTEM FOR NEAR ZERO-ENERGY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN HOT SUMMER AND COLD WINTER REGIONS OF CHINA
    Chen Shuqin, Gao Ying, Huang Yurui, Zhang Xingxing, Lin Xiaojie, Zhong Wei
    2026, 47(5): 167-174. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0051
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper focuses on near-zero energy residential buildings is in hot summer and cold winter regions. The operation model of the solar-air source heat pump for underfloor radiant heating system is established on the TRNSYS simulation platform, and the related evaluation method for energy flexibility potential of the system is constructed. The characteristics of flexible energy use of the system under different adjustment strategies are analyzed through two evaluation indices of “energy consumption reduction during peak hours” and “increase in solar heat collection”. The results show that the system has significant potential of flexible energy use, which can effectively reduce the energy consumption during peak hours and increase the solar energy utilization. Among them, when the adjustment strategy of “the heat pump does not run during the peak period from 08:00 to 22:00” is implemented, the flexible energy use potential of the system is the highest, and the energy consumption reduction of the system during the peak period of the heating season is 125 kW·h, with a reduction ratio of 63%. At the same time, the solar heat collection improves by 98 kW·h, with an increase ratio of 20%.
  • STACKELBERG GAME-ROBUST OPTIMAL SCHEDULING OF INTEGRATED ENERGY SYSTEM IN PARKS ACCOUNTING FOR MULTI-SCENARIO COLLABORATIVE CARBON REDUCTION
    Han Xiaojuan, Wang Zuran, Li Haoyuan, Sun Shijie
    2026, 47(5): 175-189. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0295
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To ensure the low-carbon economic operation of the integrated energy system for parks and to improve the economic performance of the energy storage system, an optimization scheduling method for integrated energy systems accounting for multi-scenario synergistic carbon reduction is proposed in this paper. Through the analysis of the coupling relationship between multiple stakeholders in the carbon trading and green certificate markets, a scheduling strategy for multi-scenario synergistic carbon reduction is formulated and a market entity model for multiple flexible loads and energy storage under multiple scenarios is established. A robust optimal scheduling model with renewable energy uncertainty is constructed based on the Stackelberg game optimization framework with the integrated energy system operator as the leader and the load aggregator and energy storage operator as the followers. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulating and analyzing the actual operation data of an integrated energy system in a park and the optimization effects of different scenarios and extreme scenarios of renewable energy are compared and analyzed. The calculation results show that the method proposed in this paper balances the low-carbon and economic aspects of the system, the total cost of the integrated energy system is reduced by 7.89%, carbon emissions are reduced by 4.15 tons, and the revenue of the energy storage system is increased by 53.68%.
  • RESEARCH ON FLUTTER BOUNDARY PREDICTION METHOD FOR LONG AND FLEXIBLE BLADES OF ULTRA-LARGE WIND TURBINES
    Zhang Xianfeng, Wang Su, Ma Lu, Guo Hao, Shen Xin, Du Zhaohui
    2026, 47(5): 190-196. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2174
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Under the large-scale development trend of wind turbines, the flexibility of blades increases and the flutter margin decreases. The possible flutter problems have become an important consideration in the safety design of wind turbines. Simulating runaway conditions has always been one of the main approaches for predicting the flutter boundary of wind turbines. However, the validity of this method when applied to the strongly nonlinear characteristics of long and flexible blades over 100 meters in length requires examination. In this paper, the IEA 15 MW wind turbine blade is taken as the research object, and a dynamic model of the blade's aeroelastic system is established. The aeroelastic response under the simulated runaway conditions is analyzed and compared with the predicted flutter boundary obtained through numerical simulation under fixed boundary conditions. The results indicate that although the final predicted flutter characteristics of the blade are consistent, the predicted flutter boundary obtained by simulating the runaway conditions is significantly lags behind the prediction results under fixed boundary conditions. Further analysis reveals that under the simulated runaway conditions, the blades were already in an aeroelastic instability state before the instability of the wind turbine rotor speed occurred. During this process, the increase in the rotor speed absorbed a significant amount of energy, which delayed the accumulation of the blade flutter amplitude. The blades merely vibrated slightly in the form of the 1st flap mode and strengthened slowly until the vibration rapidly diverged within a short period of time after reaching the uncontrollable flutter boundary.
  • EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON IMPACT OF HEAVE MOTION ON TOWER TOP LOADS OF FLOATING WIND TURBINES
    Yang Songsong, Liu Huiwen, Zhao Yushuai, Tayier Tuniyazi, Lin Ming, Tian Wenxin
    2026, 47(5): 197-204. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2269
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on a six-degree-of-freedom motion control platform, a wind tunnel experiment was conducted on a floating model wind turbine with imposed heave motions. In particular, the study investigated the impact of different motion amplitudes and frequencies on the load characteristics at the turbine's tower top. The results indicate that the fluctuations in tower top loads are primarily governed by changes in both motion-induced inertial loads and aerodynamic loads. Specifically, in the low-frequency domain, load fluctuations are mainly modulated by the heave frequency and its harmonics, while in the high-frequency range, there are evident signatures of the rotor's rotational frequency and its harmonics. Under small-amplitude motions, the influence of aerodynamic loads is more pronounced, with significant blade interference from trailing vortices. Interestingly, an appropriately moderate increase in heave amplitude can actually reduce the intensity of load fluctuations. However, from a broader perspective, as the amplitude and frequency of heave motion increase, the fluctuations in tower top loads become more intense. It is worth noting that in engineering applications, attention should be paid to the potential resonance risks arising from the coupling effect between harmonics of the heave frequency and the rotor's rotational frequency under extreme conditions.
  • FAULT DIAGNOSIS FOR WIND TURBINE GEARBOXES BASED ON GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS MERGING MULTI-SCALE FEATURES
    Xiao Shenggao, Wang Yong
    2026, 47(5): 205-215. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2276
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the issue of inaccurate diagnoses by traditional deep learning models due to insufficient and poor-quality samples of wind turbine gearbox failures, the fault diagnosis based on adversarial network merging multi-scale feature （MFGAN） is proposed for fault diagnosis of wind turbine gearboxes. Firstly, the generative adversarial network （GAN） merging multi-scale feature is constructed, which can effectively learn both deep and shallow features from data. This approach overcomes the issue of mode collapse within GANs and improves the quality and diversity of the generated images. Secondly, the Wasserstein distance and spectral normalization techniques are used to build a novel loss function. It enhances the stability of the MFGAN during adversarial training while the quality of the generated data is improved. The proposed MFGAN is applied to diagnose multiple faults of gearboxes using a limited dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that MFGAN can effectively generate more useful data based on the limited dataset. Moreover, the accuracy of fault diagnosis for gearboxes of wind turbines is significantly enhanced comparing with the previous methods.
  • WIND TURBINE GENERATOR CONDITION MONITORING BASED ON DUAL-SOURCE DOMAIN ADAPTATION
    Jin Xiaohang, Zhao Zhongzheng, Guan Hanlin, Liu Jiaguang, Peng Yizhen
    2026, 47(5): 216-226. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2283
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A wind turbine condition monitoring method based on dual-source domain adaptation is proposed to address the challenges of insufficient data for newly installed turbines and limited data from a single source domain. This method enhances the accuracy of wind turbine power prediction by employing a two-stage framework for domain domain-specific alignment and domain-specific regression prediction alignment. First, features correlated with the turbine generator are selected using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Then, features from both the target and source domain turbines are extracted via a common feature extractor. Domain-specific feature alignment and domain-specific regressor alignment are applied to reduce the feature distribution discrepancy between the source and target domain turbines, as well as to minimize the output differences of regressors that are trained on different source domains for the target turbine. Subsequently, the total loss of the model is jointly optimized by integrating three loss functions： regression loss, domain-specific feature difference loss and domain regressor difference loss. Finally, the model is used to predict the power of the target domain turbine using online data, and the turbine's operational conditions are monitored and evaluated through the analysis of prediction residuals. The results show that the proposed method outperforms single-source domain adaptation in prediction accuracy and enables wind turbine condition monitoring effectively.
  • EQUIVALENT MODELING OF FAULT CHARACTERISTICS OF DOUBLY-FED WIND FARM BASED ON FUZZY K-MEANS ALGORITHM
    Gao Ze, Liu Mingyang, Li Chenghao, Wang Yi, Tian Chunsun
    2026, 47(5): 227-236. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2297
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In order to improve the accuracy of wind farm equivalent modeling, this paper presents a method of fault characteristic equivalent modeling based on fuzzy K-means algorithm for doubly-fed wind farm. First, terminal voltage disturbance characteristic index, wind speed, and rotor angular velocity are selected as clustering indicators for wind turbine grouping. Secondly, honey badger algorithm and fuzzy entropy are used to optimize the initial clustering center selection process of K-means algorithm, which improves the accuracy of clustering and groups the units; then, each unit in the cluster is equivalent to one unit and the equivalent parameters are calculated. Finally, a practical doubly fed wind farm in Henan Province is taken as an example to test and analyze, and the test results show that the proposed equivalent modeling method can reflect the fault characteristics of wind farm more accurately.
  • RESEARCH ON EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT AND LOSS REDUCTION CONTROL OF WIND FARM BASED ON WOA-AMPC DOUBLE-LAYER FRAME
    Yao Qi, Huang Yaoxiang, Kou Yanni, Sun Shanxun
    2026, 47(5): 237-246. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2310
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Wake effects can lead to power loss in wind farms, but existing active wake control has the risk of causing additional mechanical loads on wind turbines. To solve this problem, this paper combines the whale optimization algorithm and adaptive model predictive control, and proposes a two-layer control scheme of active wake and load of the unit in which the wind-farm level changes the wake direction through active wake control, and the unit level uses the two-degree-of-freedom control of pitch angle and torque under the premise of designated yaw angle to complete power increase and load suppression. Considering the complexity of two-degree-of-freedom control under turbine yaw conditions, a fuzzy inference mechanism is designed to realize the adaptive parameter adjustment of model predictive control according to the operating modes and environmental changes. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional single-turbine maximum power point tracking control scheme, the proposed scheme can increase the output level of the wind farm by 5.03%-7.87% in a large wind speed range, and realize load suppression of the unit tower and main shaft witnin the wind farm.
  • OPTIMIZATION SCHEDULING MODEL AND IMPROVED GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
    Zhou Pengfei, Liu Jun
    2026, 47(5): 247-257. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2328
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the intricate challenge of scheduling optimization for maintenance tasks in offshore wind farms, an innovative optimization model for offshore wind turbine O&M scheduling and an enhanced genetic algorithm, termed Optimized Genetic Algorithm （OPGA）, were introduced. This model takes into account the workload and operational efficiency of the maintenance teams, incorporates a strategic approach for task-turbine grouping, and refines the sequence and route of maintenance activities with the aim of reducing maintenance costs and enhancing operational productivity. The model's constraints encompass the maintenance vessel's load capacity and travel distance, the team's working time constraints, among others. In order to augment the accuracy and efficiency of the model, the OPGA algorithm employs non-repeating natural-number encoding to depict the sequence and path of maintenance operations, integratesa branch-and-bound search within the decoding phase, and incorporates a population-catastrophe operator. The experimental results based on an offshore wind farm project show that compared with the traditional genetic algorithm, OPGA can save more than 15% of the operation and maintenance cost and increase the working hour utilization rate by more than 10% when solving largescale problems.
  • ASSESSING DAMAGE RISKS OF SURFACE DEFECTS ON WIND TURBINE BLADES
    Wang Jian, Fang Jianhao, Wang Jinxiu, Zhao Yifeng, Hu Weifei, Fan Jia
    2026, 47(5): 258-267. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2333
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper proposes a novel methodology to assess and quantify the risk of surface defects on wind turbine blades. Leveraging advanced image processing and analysis techniques, the approach not only detects surface defects but also accurately evaluates their potential impacts on wind turbine operation, providing an effective tool for condition-based maintenance. A field-collected dataset of wind turbine blade surface defect images was constructed in this paper to verify the feasibility of this method. Experimental results show that for crack defects, the error range in the test set was 0.01 m to 0.21 m （0.43% to 23.81%）, with an average relative error of 7.24%. For the blade leading edge erosion, the error range was 0.00192 m2 to 0.0294 m2 （1.27% to 30.18%）, with an average relative error of 13.06%. For the paint peeling, the error range was 0.00320 m2 to 0.01729 m2 （0.65% to 22.81%）, with an average relative error of 9.44%. These results indicate that the proposed method is effective for practical applications.
  • SHORT-TERM WIND POWER PREDICTION BY CPO-VMD-FE REFINED POWER SERIES AND NRBO OPTIMIZED LEARNING MODEL
    Huang Zhao, Yang Yuanwen, Wang Xin, Guo Zhiwei, Zhang Liu
    2026, 47(5): 268-277. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2345
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the insufficient accuracy of wind power forecasting caused by missing meteorological data, a hybrid model combining crested porcupine optimizer-variational modal decomposition （CPO-VMD） and Newton-Raphson based optimizer-long short term memory-attention mechanism （NRBO-LSTM-Attention） is proposed. First, the CPO algorithm adaptively optimizes VMD parameters to decompose the raw power series, and similar components are reconstructed based on fuzzy entropy （FE） to reduce data complexity. Then, the NRBO algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the LSTM-Attention network, enhancing the dynamic capture capability of temporal features. Simulation results show that the model achieves ideal prediction accuracy in under missing meteorological data, providing reliable technical support for wind power dispatch in complex environments.
  • STUDY ON TRANSIENT STABILITY CONSTRAINED OPTIMAL POWER FLOW WITH GRID-CONNECED WIND POWER
    Liu Songkai, Chen Changhe, Zhang Lei, Zhou Qian, Liu Wangjiang, Ai Yukun
    2026, 47(5): 278-287. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2372
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The impact of wind power uncertainty and the correlation between wind farms on the power system is analyzed while maintaining the system's security, stability, and economic efficiency. A chance constrained transient stability constrained optimal power flow （CCTSCOPF） method incorporating grid-connected wind power is proposed. Initially, building upon the analysis of wind power uncertainty and accounting for the correlation among wind farms, a Gaussian mixture model based on the density peak clustering algorithm （DPC-GMM） is employed to model the probabilistic distribution of wind power output. This approach accurately captures the probabilistic characteristics of wind power generation, thus providing a crucial foundation for model development. Subsequently, a CCTSCOPF model is formulated within the framework of chance constraints, and the unscented transform method is applied to address the stochastic variables present in the model. This facilitates the derivation of probabilistic information for the output variables, thereby enabling the deterministic transformation of the uncertainty problem. Next, the zebra optimization algorithm （ZOA） is applied to solve the CCTSCOPF model, enhancing both the search efficiency and the quality of the solutions, effectively tackling the complexities of the optimization problem. Finally, case studies based on the enhanced IEEE 39-bus system are conducted, validating the accuracy and applicability of the proposed methodology.
  • STUDY ON CRITICAL SUCTION IN SANDY SOIL OF BUCKET FOUNDATION FOR OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES
    Zhai Hanbo, Song Guowei, Wang Tai, Pang Yabo, Zhang Linyang, Zhang Puyang
    2026, 47(5): 288-297. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2374
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The effect of soil seepage in the bucket on suction was first explored through model tests, and a mathematical model connecting critical suction and penetration depth was establishcd, and the minimum critical suction required for a single bucket foundation at different penetration depths was analyzed in depth. Then, based on the research results of the single bucket foundation, the test and analysis of the penetration resistance of the four-bucket foundation were further carried out. The study found that as the bucket foundation penetrates, the soil inside it will experience a suction attenuation process, and there is a linear relationship between the degree of attenuation and the penetration depth. During the entire penetration process, the bucket structure will continue to suffer from suction loss. Based on the above observations, a relationship model between hydraulic gradient and soil penetration depth was constructed, and a mathematical expression for the ratio of internal and external permeability coefficients with penetration depth was derived. Finally, a new calculation method was proposed to determine the critical minimum suction of the bucket foundation through penetration experiments on the four-bucket foundation, and the effectiveness of the method was verified experimentally. These findings have important guiding significance for optimizing the design and construction of bucket foundations under sandy conditions.
  • STUDY ON SPATIAL DECOUPLING OF NON-TORQUE 5-DOF LOADS IN WIND TURBINE TEST RIG USING CONJUGATE LOADING METHOD
    Zhang Bo, Li Lin'an, Zeng Yantao, Li Chuanwei, Zhou Chuandi, Li Yongxue
    2026, 47(5): 298-306. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2399
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Using a test rig to conduct mechanical testing on the wind turbine drive-train can effectively simulate the loading conditions the turbine experiences in complex environments. The conjugate loading method with multi-point and multi-position loading, commonly employed in the test rig for applying non-torque 5-DOF loads, exhibits strong coupling characteristics. This paper studies the spatial decoupling of loads to address the precise loading force calculation and scientific loading position problem of the conjugate loading method. A parametric model of the conjugate loading method system is established, and structural force analysis is conducted. Based on the static equilibrium relationship of the loading axis, two conversion matrix relationships between the loading force and non-torque loads are derived under full coupling and no additional moment component conditions. The spatial decoupling formula for non-torque loads is obtained, and calculations and comparative studies reveal that symmetrical placement of axial loading forces is optimal when no additional bending moment component exists. Accordingly, the conversion matrix is condensed into a square conversion matrix. Furthermore, parameter stability analysis is performed based on the condition number criterion, and parameter selection standards for engineering applications are proposed. Finally, spatial decoupling calculations and verification are conducted through static and dynamic loading case studies.
  • STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF BLADE ROOT STRUCTURE ON LIMIT FATIGUE STRENGTH OF BLADE ROOT BOLTS IN WIND TURBINES
    Chen Zhongya, He Xianzhao, Luo Yongshui, Lyu Xufeng, Lu Shijie, Zhou Mengyu
    2026, 47(5): 307-313. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2426
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    With the accelerating process of large-scale wind turbines, the increase in blade size makes the root studs of wind turbine blades subject to more complex and severe loads. Innovatively exploring the ultimate stress and fatigue strength of root studs is of great significance for ensuring the safe operation of wind turbines. This study proposes a flexible coupling modeling method for root studs of wind turbine blades, which combines a filleted variable-diameter solid and beam elements. Under the given pre-tightening force of the root stud design, the effects of the fillet radius of the variable-diameter section of the root stud, the thickness of the connecting disc, the depth of the counterbore of the bolt sleeve, and the diameter of the thin rod on the ultimate and fatigue strength of the root stud of a certain wind turbine unit are studied. However, it can be improved by increasing the yield utilization rate, and there is an optimal solution for its design. Compared with the traditional modeling method using only equal-cross-section beam elements, the modeling method proposed in this study can accurately simulate the fillet of the variable-diameter section and more precisely reflect the mechanical characteristics of the actual structure. Compared with solid stud modeling, it can significantly reduce the mesh quantity and improve the calculation efficiency. This study provides important theoretical support and technical guidance for the design optimization of the connection structure of root studs of wind turbine blades.
  • RESEARCH ON NONLINEAR MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF CONE-STRAIGHT TRANSITION SECTION STRUCTURE OF HYBRID WIND TURBINE-TOWERS
    Zhang Yuhong, Zhao Fan, Yang Yang, Yu Guangming, Deng Fei, Liu Jin
    2026, 47(5): 314-323. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2428
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    With the increasing hub height of wind turbines, traditional uniform-tapered conical towers face challenges in cost-effectiveness and structural stability. Assembled hybrid tower structures incorporating conical-cylindrical transition segments present a potential solution to these issues. However, the abrupt cross-sectional changes and stress concentrations at transition segments may lead to material plastic deformation and joint detach under extreme loading conditions. This study investigates a 150 m onshore wind turbine hybrid tower project, establishing a integral finite element model of the assembled hybrid tower and a sub-model of the conical-cylindrical transition segment using ABAQUS software. The research focuses on analyzing the nonlinear mechanical behaviors of critical components, specifically concrete tower segments, reinforcement bars, and curved bolt connectors in transition zones under ultimate load conditions, as well as the nonlinear contact stress states at transverse and longitudinal joints. The results demonstrate significant stress abrupt changes at cross-sections within the transition zone, with decreasing bending bearing capacity coefficients observed in lower transition segments. Under ultimate loads, transverse joint disengagement occurs with a maximum disengaged cross-sectional area ratio of 40.6%. Concrete at disengaged joint edges exhibits notable plastic characteristics, showing a maximum tensile damage factors up to 0.689 in localized regions. The ultimate load factor for the transition segment was determined to be 1.286. This study recommends implementing enhanced measures to improve the safety factor in conical-cylindrical transition segments during tower design.
  • AN AIRFOIL BLADE REVERSE MODELING METHOD BASED ON AREA METHOD
    Zeng Zepeng, Cheng Siyuan, Cai Jiayi, Yang Xuerong
    2026, 47(5): 324-331. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2437
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    During the reverse modeling process, an airfoil blade reverse modeling method based on area method is proposed to improve model accuracy and expedite design efficiency. A series of area formulas containing airfoil parameters are derived through integral operations, and geometric addition and subtraction based on the airfoil design equations. The airfoil contour is divided into four special regions and the area of these four regions is measured. The obtained areas are substituted into the area formulas to obtain the airfoil's parameters and type. The airfoil cross-section contour is forward designed through the type and design equations of airfoil, and the airfoil contours of different cross-sections are connected through lofting operation to obtain the airfoil blade model. By comparing the obtained results with the airfoil cross-sectional areas of variant models, the feasibility of this method is verified. The area elements of airfoil are introduced into reverse modeling in this method, which simplifies the acquisition of airfoil data.The area formulas are derived from design equations, and their calculation process is straightforward and fast, which can not only reduce errors but also accelerate the reverse modeling process. The identification of airfoil's type makes the obtained model more aligned with its design principles and provides structural information for subsequent optimization designs.
  • WIND POWER INTERVAL PREDICTION BASED ON INTEGRATED DECOMPOSITION AND MUTIL-HEAD ATTENTION MECHANISM
    Li Guomin, Zhang Jun, Zhao Chunyang, Li Gengyin, Zhang Yagang
    2026, 47(5): 332-340. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2441
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Aiming at the limitations of traditional wind power prediction methods in dealing with complex signals, a new method for wind power prediction combining integrated decomposition and multi-model fusion is proposed. First, a Slime Chaos Levy （SCL） algorithm incorporating a hybrid strategy is proposed for optimizing the Improved Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise （ICEEMDAN） method, which is applied to the frequency decomposition of wind power data to decompose the signals into high, medium and low frequency components. Transformer, temporal convolutional network and bidirectional gated recurrent unit （TCN-BIGRU）, and online sequential extreme learning machine （OSELM） are applied to represent different frequency components in order to completely capture their temporal features and nonlinear patterns. Subsequently, to fully account for the contribution of various components to the wind power forecast, the prediction results of each frequency component are then weighted and fused using the multi-head attention mechanism. In order to obtain more robust wind power prediction results, the improved Markov chain Monte Carlo （IMCMC） method is utilized to predict the prediction results in intervals. The experimental findings demonstrate that the target method increases the R2 by 14.2% and 7.15%, respectively, and the PICP is 95.78% and 95.93% at 95% confidence intervals, respectively, when compared to the typical single-model prediction method.
  • WIND TURBINE BLADE ICING FAULT EARLY WARNING BASED ON BIRCH-MSSCN MODEL
    Li Lianbing, Luo Wei, Cheng Qing, Su Wenyong, Chen Yece, Lu Zhihui
    2026, 47(5): 341-349. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0010
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To provide early warnings for blade icing faults, a BIRCH-MSSCN model is proposed, based on Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering using Hierarchies （BIRCH）, Mel spectrograms, Siamese networks, and the Convolutional-based Multi-scale Attention Mechanism （CBAM）. The model achieves early fault warnings for blade icing through labeling pre-icing states, down-sampling normal data, measuring similarity using the Siamese network, and selecting features with the CBAM attention mechanism. Comparative analysis results indicate that while maintaining low computational costs, the model can accurately predict icing faults up to 42 minutes in advance. This model provides more reliable early warning information for the efficient and stable operation of wind turbines, showcasing significant application value.
  • NOVEL ULTRA-SHORT-TERM WIND POWER COMBINATION FORECASTING METHOD BASED ON BITCN-INFORMER
    Yin Yupeng, Kuang Honghai, Cao Shipeng, Yang Huixian, Li Xingyu
    2026, 47(5): 350-356. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0025
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Aiming at the problem that the prediction accuracy of fluctuation data intervals and abrupt data points near the local peak value of traditional wind power prediction methods is limited, an ultra-short term wind power prediction method based on BiTCN-Informer fusion of temporal and spatial characteristics is proposed. Firstly, bidirectional temporal convolutional network （BiTCN） is used to analyze the information features of past observations and future covariates, and to extract the spatial features of the data. Then, the Informer probabilistic sparse self-attention mechanism and self-attention distillation mechanism are used to simplify the network parameters, reduce the computational complexity, identify the dependency relationship of long sequence data, and capture the temporal features of the sequence. Finally, a fully connected layer is introduced to integrate temporal and spatial features. The results of the case study show that the proposed combined model can effectively improve the prediction accuracy compared with other models.
  • SIMULATION OF DOWNBURST WIND FIELD AND EFFECTS OF WIND TURBINE
    Hu Chuanxin, Qing Wenjie, Guan Wensong, Zhao Lin, Wu Kaiming
    2026, 47(5): 357-367. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0033
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To study the dynamic response characteristics of wind turbines under downburst conditions, a physical simulator is used to generate the downburst wind field under varying aspect ratios. Combined with FAST software, the NREL 5 MW wind turbine serves as the research object to investigate the dynamic response of wind turbines at different positions within the downburst wind field. The effects of yaw angle and shutdown position on the dynamic response of the blades and tower base structure are compared and analyzed. The results indicate that as the aspect ratio decreases in downburst flows, the peak wind speed increases significantly. The horizontal wind speed vertical profile varies, initially rising and then falling with height. Radial position, yaw angle, and shutdown position notably impact the structural response of the wind turbine. Near the region directly beneath the downburst the blade root experiences peak internal forces. At a yaw angle of approximately 30°, the blade may exhibit aeroelastic instability, reaching maximum bending moments at the blade root of 78.29 MN·m and at the tower base of 108 MN·m. When the wind turbine is at a radial distance of 400 meters and a yaw angle of 30° during shutdown, aerodynamic instability in the blade triggers vibrations in the tower, thereby significantly elevating the risk of structural damage. If the blade reaches its ultimate load-bearing moment, it can lead to chain aeroelastic instability and overall structural damage. Wind turbines with a shutdown yaw angle of 0° and in the shutdown state are most advantageous when facing extreme downburst conditions.
  • EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF WIND TURBINE CONTROL PERFORMANCE BASED ON LQG BENCHMARKS
    Gao Feng, Zhang Ziyan, Niu Lu, Qian Chenkai, Yao Yunlong
    2026, 47(5): 368-376. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0036
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In response to the lack of effective comprehensive quantitative evaluation methods for control performance in current wind turbine control performance diagnosis, this paper proposes a wind turbine control evaluation method based on the linear quadratic Gaussian （LQG） benchmark, which integrates multiple performance aspects such as power, load, and vibration. This evaluation method solves the problem of the difficulty of accurately establishing the subspace matrix of wind turbine units through subspace identification. At the same time, based on the LQG evaluation benchmark, a multi-objective comprehensive quantitative evaluation of unit control performance is carried out, and a wind turbine control performance diagnosis method is established. Finally, using a 2 MW wind turbine as a simulation example, the control performance post-assessment of a specific load reduction strategy and the control performance diagnosis of multiple units of the same type are carried out. The results indicate that the proposed diagnostic method can effectively identify units with degraded control performance, while the LQG-based control performance evaluation method aids in the quantitative analysis of the overall control performance of the units, thereby facilitating the optimization of wind turbine control.
  • STUDY ON ESTABLISHMENT AND ACCURACY OF WIND SPEED PROFILE IN BUILDING WIND FIELD
    Hou Yali, Li Qi, Wang Wenxin, Li Cunhu, Bao Daorina
    2026, 47(5): 377-385. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0044
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on the ZephIR 300 lidar wind measurement system, the wind speed and wind direction data of 11 measuring points in the 11-200 m height range of a building wind field in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia were collected in real time. Based on the detailed analysis of the characteristics of the real wind speed profile in the building wind field, the exponential, logarithmic and semi-logarithmic wind speed profiles in line with the topographic characteristics of the experimental site were established. The proximity of the three wind speed profiles to the actual inflow wind speed profile was analyzed, and the accuracy of the wind speed profile was evaluated using statistical parameters. The results show that the variation in wind direction with height within the building wind field decreases as wind speed increases. In the low wind speed area with wind speed<4 m/s, the influence of wind direction cannot be ignored when establishing the wind speed profile. The wind speed deviation in the building wind field increases with the increase of height, but the wind speed deviation at all heights will decrease under the condition of high wind speed. The wind speed profile in the building wind field is more in line with the logarithmic wind speed profile ; the reference values of surface roughness length and wind shear index in the relevant standards cannot accurately describe the topographic characteristics in the building environment. More research is needed to expand the accurate reference values based on the topographic characteristics of the building environment.
  • DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF MONOPILE OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES IN SAND CONSIDERING SCOUR EFFECT
    Zhang Xiaoling, Hou Xiaohe, Wang Piguang, Zhang Bingjie, Yi Jiangnan
    2026, 47(5): 386-393. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0047
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In this paper, the influence of scour effects is considered by establishing a three-dimensional finite element model under wind-waves-current loads and seismic action, and the different influences of global scour and local scour on the dynamic response of the MOWT are compared. The results show that different forms of scour have different responses of the MOWTs under different loading conditions. The response of the MOWT system to local scour under seismic action is greater than that to global scour. However, with the exception of the bending moment, the response of the wind turbine system is observed to be greater under global scour than under local scour for larger scour depths under wind-waves-current loads and combined wind-waves-current loads and seismic action. This suggests that scour effects must be considered on the dynamic response of MOWTs under a complex marine environment. Furthermore, it can be observed that different forms of scour effects exert varying effects on the dynamic response of MOWTs.
  • MODIFICATION OF ELASTIC TORSIONAL STABILITY RESISTANCE FOR WIND TURBINE TOWER BASED ON REFERENCE RESISTANCE DESIGN
    Chen Junling, Lyu Haoxuan, Yun Xiang, Feng Youquan
    2026, 47(5): 394-400. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0048
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Finite element models with helical meshes are developed to systematically evaluate the torsional buckling resistance of steel wind turbine towers. A comprehensive analysis of convergence behavior and meshing strategies is conducted, followed by linear elastic bifurcation analysis and geometrically nonlinear elastic analysis incorporating initial imperfections. A parametric study is conducted to systematically investigate the effects of key geometric parameters, including the diameter-to-thickness ratio, dimensionless length, and imperfection amplitude, on the elastic buckling capacity of cylindrical shells. Based on the results of the linear buckling analysis, a modified formulation for the length-dependent coefficient Cτ is proposed to calculate elastic critical shear buckling stresses within the Reference Resistance Design （RRD） framework. Additionally, the outcomes of the geometrically nonlinear analysis led to the development of a revised sensitivity parameter αI, which improves the accuracy of assessing imperfection sensitivity in RRD-based design methodologies. These proposed modifications improve the predictive capabilities of torsional buckling resistance in steel wind turbine towers, addressing a critical gap in current design practices.
  • RESEARCH ON COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF Sophora japonica BIOCHAR AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HOT PRESS MOLDING
    Yang Yuanqing, Liu Wending, Wang Di, Liu Jiaxin, Guo Shaodong, Zhang Jing
    2026, 47(5): 401-409. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2412
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The Sophora japonica garden waste was pyrolyzed at 240 ℃, 320 ℃, 400 ℃ and 480 ℃, respectively, and industrial analysis, elemental analysis, calorific value analysis and thermogravimetric test were carried out to select the biochar with the best combustion characteristics as the raw material of biochar, and the response optimization of the molding process parameters was carried out using the response surface methodology and ant colony algorithm for the parameters of its molding process. The results show that when the pyrolysis temperature of Sophora japonica garden waste is 480 ℃, the fixed carbon content is 67.67%, the calorific value is 5713.70 kcal/kg, the comprehensive combustion characteristic index is 0.0944×10-8 mg2/K3·min2, and the volatility analyzed characteristic index is 0.1093×10-4 mg/K2·min2, which meets the requirement of Grade I biochar and makes it the best raw material for molding. The optimal molding process parameters are as follows： the temperature is 84 ℃, the pressure is 111 MPa, the percentage of binder is 18%, and the water content is 18%. Under these conditions, the density and shatter resistance of the fuel were 1.0347 gcm3and 98.722%, respectively.
  • NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION IN OCEAN CURRENT
    Zhou Yang, Zhu Lingqian, Chen Nuoyan, Zhou Bingqian, Zhong Shengjie
    2026, 47(5): 410-420. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2270
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To convert the kinetic energy from ocean currents into electrical energy, a piezoelectric energy harvesting system based on vortex-induced vibration （VIV） was designed. The structures of the bluff body and piezoelectric cantilever beam were optimized to increase the input fluid kinetic energy and output electrical energy. The vortex streets induced by six different bluff bodies were simulated and compared by using COMSOL software. Finally, the optimal bluff body was used to carry out fluid-solid-electric full coupling simulation. The influence of different Reynolds numbers on the lift and drag coefficients of the bluff body and the piezoelectric cantilever beam were analyzed and compared, as well as the open-circuit voltage （OCV） of the piezoelectric cantilever beam. The simulation results showed that the optimized piezoelectric energy harvesting structure can improve the output electrical energy of the energy harvesting system, and the OCV of the piezoelectric cantilever beam is 0.8 V under the condition of current velocity of 0.5 m/s and bluff body size of 0.02 m.
  • EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TOP-HINGED FLAP-TYPE AERATION DEVICE UNDER REGULAR WAVES
    Yin Zegao, Li Kesui, Jiang Xiutao
    2026, 47(5): 421-428. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2313
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A top-hinged flap-type aeration device was designed. The effects of incident wave height, wave period and still water depth on hydrodynamic and aeration behaviors of the device were experimentally investigated under regular waves. The results show that with the increase of incident wave height from 0.06 m to 0.10 m, the maximum amplification of average pitch angle amplitude of the top-hinged flap is 51.9%, and the maximum amplification of the device's average aeration flow rate is 142.2%. With the increase of incident wave period, the aeration flow rate of the device increases at first and then decreases. When the incident wave period is 3.2 s, the aeration flow rate reaches the maximum value of 2.01 L/min.
  • MICROSCOPIC MECHANISM INVESTIGATION OF FREQUENCY LOCKING IN UNIDIRECTIONAL VIV OF CIRCULAR CYLINDER
    Tian Rui, Lyu Duo, Wang Zhangqi, Cao Yunhao
    2026, 47(5): 429-437. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2439
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To investigate the mechanism of frequency locking in unidirectional vortex-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder, a fluid-structure interaction simulation was performed using a numerical approach incorporating UDF and dynamic mesh techniques. A comparative analysis was carried out on the boundary layer separation processes and the vortex trajectories, from formation to detachment, under two conditions： disturbed flow and unidirectional vortex-induced vibration. Results indicate that in unidirectional vortex-induced vibrations, the cylinder's motion influences boundary layer separation, significantly reducing vortex shedding frequency, particularly during resonance, leading to frequency locking. In the locked state, the vigorous motion of the cylinder forces the vortices away from its surface, causing the separated boundary-layer vortices to disappear due to the loss of compressive confinement. As the recirculation zone approaches the cylinder, new vortices regenerate. During vortex-induced vibrations, an additional reattachment vortex forms on the cylinder surface following boundary layer separation. Under the influence of the mainstream flow, the reattachment vortex merges with the separated boundary-layer vortex, generating a stronger vortex.
  • EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON LOCAL SCOUR PROCESS AROUND PILE-SUPPORTED TIDAL STREAM TURBINE
    Liang Zhichao, Wei Maoxing, Pan Jiajia
    2026, 47(5): 438-443. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0009
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This study experimentally investigates the local scour process around a pile-supported tidal stream turbine. The research examines the temporal evolution of scour patterns, comparing turbine-induced scour with traditional monopile scour, while analyzing the distinct contributions of structural components （pile, nacelle, and rotor） to the overall scouring process. Results reveal that the initial scour development around the turbine exhibits accelerated profile evolution and depth progression compared to later stages. The turbine-induced scour depth exceeds that of the monopile during the early phase of the process, though this difference diminishes over time. At equilibrium, the maximum scour depth around the turbine approaches that of an equivalent-diameter monopile, reaching approximately 110% of the monopile scour depth. Notably, the turbine configuration generates a larger downstream sediment mound formation, attributed to the energy extraction process which reduces the flow's momentum and consequently diminishes its sediment transport capacity.
  • RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF SAMPLING INTERVAL ON POWER PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF TIDAL ENERGY CONVERTERS
    Xia Hainan, Wang Xiangnan, Jia Ning, Guo Yi, Chen Qiang, Zhang Limin
    2026, 47(5): 444-449. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0063
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper uses mathematical methods such as the refined division method of tidal current velocity interval and the comparative analysis method to analyze the differences between the evaluation results of tidal current energy resources in the test area caused by the tidal current sampling time interval, and studies the impact of the tidal current sampling time interval on the output power, conversion efficiency, annual power generation and other indicators of tidal energy converters. The results show that when the tidal current sampling time interval is 5 min or 10 min, there is no significant difference in the distribution frequency of tidal current velocity in the test area, but with the continuous increase of tidal current sampling time interval, the obtained field test data can't accurately characterize the distribution of tidal current velocity in the test area; Using the field test data with the power flow sampling interval of 5 min or 10 min, there is no difference in the evaluation of the cut in velocity, maximum and minimum output power, and maximum conversion efficiency of the tested tidal energy converter. The difference between the minimum conversion efficiency and the annual power generation of the tested tidal energy converter is also small, with the difference of 0.6% and 0.26% respectively.
  • EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON DISCHARGING PERFORMANCES OF SUPERCOOLED SAT-STP MIXTURE TRIGGERED BY MAGNETIC FRICTION
    Qu Guanglei, Zhou Guobing, Li Can
    2026, 47(5): 450-456. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2267
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A magnetic friction triggering device is proposed and designed. The principle is to exert a magnetic field onto two steel balls placed in supercooled hydrated salt with a rotating magnet. The two steel balls will twist around the contact point, and the friction between the steel balls leads to crystallization of supercooled hydrated salt. By measuring induction period and discharging temperature, the effects of different magnetic induction intensities, motor rotation speed and different proportions of sodium acetate trihydrate （SAT） and sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate （STP） on the discharging performances of the binary system （SAT-STP） were examined. The results show that magnetic friction is a simple, rapid and effective triggering method. The greater the magnetic induction intensity is, the shorter is the induction period. The method can activate the crystallization of supercooled SAT-STP within 2 min. With the increase of the STP content in the SAT-STP sample, the mixture viscosity increases, then the induction period becomes longer, and the magnetic friction triggering device cannot even trigger the sample with the ratio of 75：25. Changing rotation speed has little effect on triggering SAT crystallization and heat release.
  • CONDITIONAL ENTROPY BASED SAC ALGORITHM FOR ENERGY STORAGE CONVERTER ACTIVE DISTURBANCE REJECTION CONTROL VOLTAGE STABILISATION STRATEGY
    Ma Youjie, Han Dexin, Zhou Xuesong, Zhang Yuxuan, Wang Xinyue, Tao Long
    2026, 47(5): 457-467. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2277
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Aiming at the problem that DC bus voltage is susceptible to PV output power changes and load disturbances, an Active Disturbance Rejection Control strategy based on conditional entropy and the deep reinforcement learning Soft Actor-Critic （SAC） algorithm is designed. By introducing the conditional entropy as an evaluation index to measure the degree of perturbation of the system and combining it with the deep reinforcement learning algorithm, real-time self-driven optimal tuning of the controller bandwidth is carried out to ensure that the energy storage unit containing a DC/DC converter can suppress the bus voltage fluctuation and improve the safety and stability performance of the DC microgrid. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed strategy is demonstrated by comparing it with the double-closed-loop PI control and the traditional linear active disturbance rejection control under different operating conditions.
  • RESEARCH ON FUZZY CONTROL-BASED INTEGRATED CONTROL STRATEGY FOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE PARTICIPATION IN POWER GRID PRIMARY FREQUENCY REGULATION
    Han Pengyi, Zheng Lixing, Liu Shugen, Xue Xiaojun, Yan Laiqing
    2026, 47(5): 468-478. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2285
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Due to the limitation of energy storage output and the problem of overcharging and over-discharging of the state of charge of a single energy storage system during the process of primary frequency modulation, an integrated control strategy based on fuzzy control for hybrid energy storage participation in the primary frequency modulation of the power grid is proposed. Firstly, a hybrid energy storage system is constructed based on the fast-charging and fast-discharging characteristics of supercapacitors and the large-capacity characteristics of batteries, and the sequence of frequency modulation actions is set as supercapacitors before batteries, and batteries before thermal power units. Secondly, a fuzzy controller containing virtual negative inertia control is designed to achieve smooth switching and complementary advantages among different control modes. Meanwhile, adaptive parameters, storage feedback control parameters, and SOC self-recovery output are designed based on the Logistic function to avoid overcharging and over-discharging energy storage. Finally, Matlab/Simulink software is used to build a simulation model, where the proposed integrated control strategy is simulated and analyzed based on the actual power load of the grid. The results show that, compared to the scenario without energy storage, this control strategy reduces the maximum frequency deviation by 61.1% and shortens the time required for the grid frequency deviation to reach a stable value by 82.8%. It effectively enhances the system's frequency regulation capability, improves the output of energy storage, and stabilizes the state of charge of the energy storage equipment.
  • NUMERICAL STUDY OF EFFECT OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL FILLING METHOD ON THREE SETS OF TUBULAR PHASE CHANGE HEAT STORAGE UNITS
    Han Zhonghe, Deng Xiaoyu, Li Hengfan
    2026, 47(5): 479-488. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2332
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This study investigates triplex-tube phase change thermal storage units. First, the variation trends of liquid phase fraction and average temperature during the heat storage process for single- and double-tube filled models with phase change material （PCM） filling rates ranging from 30% to 80% are analyzed. The total heat storage capacity, melting time, and average heat storage rate of the PCM are compared. Secondly, using melting time and total heat storage capacity as evaluation metrics, the entropy weight method （EWM） and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution （TOPSIS） method are applied to assess the optimal PCM filling rate. The results show that a 60% PCM filling rate yields the best thermal performance. Further analysis of the temperature field and vorticity evolution reveals the mechanism by which gravity-driven natural convection enhances heat transfer. In addition, a single-tube model with a 60% PCM filling rate is used to study the influence of the radial position of PCM on heat transfer performance. The results indicate that as the PCM filling rate increases, the unit heat storage rate decreases, while the total heat storage capacity increases. When the filling rate exceeds 40%, the vortex generation rate in the single-tube model becomes faster than in the double-tube model, leading to enhanced natural convection by the vortex. Therefore, the single-tube filling model exhibits superior thermal storage performance compared to the double-tube model. Furthermore, a radial PCM filling method closer to the outer tube wall promotes vortex formation. Under constant outer tube diameter and PCM filling rate, the closer the PCM is to the outer tube, the shorter the complete melting time and the better the melting performance.
  • LOAD PREDICTION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION BASED ON ASC-GCN-GRU
    Shang Zhongwen, Zhang Qian, Zhao Chanjuan, Yuan Weibo, Ding Jinjin
    2026, 47(5): 489-497. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2361
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    For the collaborative demand of new energy power system and electric vehicle charging load, this paper proposes an attribute-augmented spatiotemporal-graph convolutional network- gated recurrent unit is proposed neural network for charging station forecasting （ASC-GCN-GRU） model to accurately predict charging station load in new energy scenarios. Firstly, in view of the limitation of the traditional method of pre-constructing a fixed adjacency matrix, the data adaptive graph generation （DAGG） module is introduced to dynamically mine the spatio-temporal correlation features between charging stations. node adaptive parameter learning （NAPL） module is used to adapt to the diversity of charging models in new energy scenarios. Secondly, considering the environmental factors closely related to new energy output, such as temperature and precipitation, as well as external factors such as date and point of interest （POI）, the node features with enhanced attribute characteristics are established by combining the temporal load of the charging station. Finally, recursive feature elimination with cross-validation （RFECV） was introduced to select the optimal collection with the best performance of ASC-GCN-GRU load forecasting model. The numerical results show that the proposed ASC-GCN-GRU model has better prediction performance than the GCN-GRU, gated recurrent unit neural network （GRU） and sparrow search algorithm-extreme learning machine （SSA-ELM）.
  • ORDERED CHARGING VEHICLE-GRID INTERACTIVE SCHEDULING STRATEGY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES BASED ON V2G TECHNOLOGY
    Yue Lei
    2026, 47(5): 498-505. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0056
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    With the popularity of electric vehicles（EVs）, vehicle to grid（V2G） technology has become an important means to alleviate power grid pressure, optimize energy utilization, and achieve effective integration of renewable energy. An interactive scheduling strategy for orderly charging of electric vehicles based on V2G technology is proposed. It utilizes the potential energy storage characteristics of V2G electric vehicles' bidirectional energy flow to optimize their charging and discharging behavior in different time periods, achieving the goal of reducing the total load variance and power losses of the power grid. Using the IEEE 33 node power system as the simulation environment, the simulation analysis and verification were carried out. The results showed that the proposed optimization scheduling strategy reduced the peak valley difference of the load by 27.1%, reduced the equivalent power loss by 16.4%, reduced the total charging cost by 38.6%, and controlled the number of mode switching within a safe interval of less than or equal to 3 times per day. It achieved coordinated operation and rational resource allocation between electric vehicles and the power grid, and improved the stability and economy of the power grid.
  • SHORT-TERM HEAT STORAGE OPTIMIZATION BASED ON TOPOLOGY RECONSTRUCTION OF HEATING NETWORK
    Gao Xiaoyu, Guo Mao, Liu Yang, Yang Tao, Yuan Saichao, Wang Jinda
    2026, 47(5): 506-514. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0037
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This study aims to maximize the comprehensive economic benefits of heat storage in the pipe network of a central heating system, and establishes a bi-level optimization model for the pipe network topology reconstruction scheme. The case optimization results show that after the pipe network topology reconstruction, the total volume of high-temperature heat medium in the return water pipe network can reach 2217-4185 m³, accounting for 34%-65% of the total volume, which significantly improves the heat storage capacity of the heating pipe network. Considering both the heat storage benefits and construction costs comprehensively, the optimal number of bypass branch configurations for the case is 9, and the comprehensive economic benefits of the project reach 2.6866 million yuan.
  • RESEARCH ON APPLICATION OF FLEXIBILITY TRANSFORMATION OF COAL-FIRED UNITS BASED ON ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
    Wang Fei, Jia Bingyang, Song Xianqi
    2026, 47(5): 515-523. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0635
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the problems of slow response and low ramping rate of traditional thermal power units in peak and frequency regulation, this study selects flywheel energy storage as the research object by comparing the technical performance and economics of mainstream energy storage systems. Using the energy storage system auxiliary frequency regulation technology, the rated power, capacity, frequency regulation effect and economic benefits of flywheel energy storage are calculated and analyzed. The research shows that relying on its technical advantages of fast response and long cycle life, the flywheel energy storage system can significantly improve the frequency regulation performance of thermal power units and bring considerable economic benefits, indicating that it has important application value and promotion potential in the flexibility transformation of thermal power units.
  • FUEL CELL VOLTAGE CONTROL STRATEGY WITH OPTIMAL EFFICIENCY TRACKING
    Shi Yong, Jin Haorui, Xie Di, Wang Liangliang, Yao Jigang
    2026, 47(5): 524-531. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2140
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper compares the impacts of the voltage and current control modes of the fuel cell power generation system on the operating state of the fuel cell. Combined with the requirements for optimizing the efficiency of the fuel cell system, a voltage control mode that can achieve optimal efficiency tracking is proposed. Meanwhile, it solves the problems of accelerated aging when the fuel cell operates in the concentration polarization region and the excessive complexity of the traditional maximum efficiency optimization algorithm. Through simulation analysis, it is verified that the control method under the constant voltage mode can automatically adjust the oxygen excess ratio according to the real-time changes in the required net power of the PEMFC system. Moreover, under the working conditions with large dynamic changes in the load current, it can meet the performance index requirements of the optimal efficiency and improve the operating efficiency and stability of the system.
  • DISTRIBUTION NETWORK POWER-TO-HYDROGEN CHARGING AND DISCHARGING FACILITY PLANNING MODEL CONSIDERING SOURCE LOAD UNCERTAINTY
    Zhang Yong, Liu Jianhua, Zhou Han, Liu Puqing, Sui Zhenghao, Liu Zining
    2026, 47(5): 532-541. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2265
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In response to issues such as power fluctuations caused by the variability of distributed renewable energy output and the uncertainty of multi-energy load consumption in distribution networks, this article proposes a planning model for electric-hydrogen charging and discharging equipment in high-proportion renewable energy distribution networks, utilizing electric-hydrogen vehicles as mobile energy storage. This model effectively addresses the optimal configuration of electric-hydrogen charging and discharging equipment under the goal of coordinating and optimizing power and energy balance in the distribution network. Firstly, based on the mobile energy storage characteristics of electric-hydrogen vehicles, a model is established that considers the spatiotemporal transfer characteristics and charging-discharging behaviors of electric-hydrogen energy storage under the constraints of traffic network topology. Secondly, considering the correspondence between the distribution network and traffic network topology, as well as the variability of renewable energy output and the characteristics of electric-hydrogen mobile energy storage, an optimization model for the configuration of charging-discharging facilities is developed, aiming to minimize the operational costs of both the charging-discharging facilities and the distribution network, along with a corresponding solving algorithm. Finally, a simulation model for the optimal configuration of electric-hydrogen charging-discharging facilities is established based on the distribution network framework of a certain area in Liaoning, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed optimization method in enhancing the multi-energy power and energy balancing capabilities of the distribution network, as well as the reliability of charging and discharging.
  • EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON OUTPUT PERFORMANCE AND MEMBRANE WATER CONTENT OF PEMFC
    Geng Limin, Shan Shiyu, Huang Feichuang, Huang Dong, Chen Hao, Zhao Weiyan
    2026, 47(5): 542-550. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2272
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This research established a simulation model of three-serpentine flow field PEMFC, and studied the polarization curve, membrane water content and membrane water distribution of PEMFC under different temperatures （25-95 ℃） and relative humidity （20%-100%）. Based on sensitivity analysis, the sensitivity indexes of output performance and membrane water content of PEMFC under high temperature & low humidity and low temperature & high humidity are studied, which can provide reference for performance optimization of PEMFC. The results indicate that： 1） In temperature variations, the voltage loss is minimized at 65 °C; at higher voltage regions, the membrane water content decreases with increasing temperature, whereas at lower voltage regions, the membrane water content increases with temperature. 2） In relative humidity variations, the voltage loss is minimized at 80% RH; higher relative humidity results in higher membrane water content and a more uniform distribution. 3） The output performance and membrane water content of PEMFC are more sensitive to changes in temperature under the condition of high temperature & low humidity and low temperature & high humidity.
  • IMPROVED SLIDING MODE CONTROL STRATEGY FOR PEMFC GRID CONNECTION UNDER VOLTAGE IMBALANCE CONDITIONS
    Yang Xuhong, Zhu Peng, Qian Fengwei, Xu Qingguo
    2026, 47(5): 551-559. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2307
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Unbalanced three-phase grid voltage causes a coupling effect between DC and AC power, leading to low-frequency pulsation in the output current of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell （PEMFC）, which distorts the grid-connected current. This issue not only affects the power quality but also negatively impacts the overall efficiency and stability of the energy conversion system. To address this issue, this paper proposes a comprehensive control strategy based on improved super-twisting sliding mode control（STSMC）, aiming to eliminate the fuel cell output current pulsation and reduce the total harmonic distortion （THD） of the grid-connected current. The proposed control strategy includes a DC-DC converter employing STSMC combined with a nonlinear state observer to ensure rapid response to disturbances in the fuel cell. Additionally, for the DC-AC inverter, an improved super-twisting sliding mode control strategy is applied, incorporating an enhanced reaching law to adapt to unbalanced grid-voltage conditions, thereby improving system robustness. By doing so, the sliding mode controller reduces coupling between active and reactive power, thereby maintaining stability despite grid voltage variations.
  • REVIEW OF HYDROGEN LEAKAGE AND DIFFUSION CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON BIBLIOMETRICS
    Shi Baojun, Li Hongdong, Lai Guangjin, Hu Ning
    2026, 47(5): 560-578. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2349
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Hydrogen energy is recognized as a sustainable, renewable, green, and clean energy source, and its efficient utilization and widespread adoption are considered crucial for achieving “the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”. However, owing to the unique physical and chemical properties of hydrogen, it is highly susceptible to leakage during production, storage, transportation, and utilization, posing significant risks of fire and explosion. As a result, hydrogen safety is regarded as a critical bottleneck throughout the life cycle of hydrogen energy, with hydrogen leakage and diffusion being identified as key factors influencing overall safety. This study employs bibliometric analysis to systematically explore the characteristics of hydrogen leakage and diffusion and identify research hotspots and emerging trends through a comprehensive examination of the temporal distribution, geographic distribution, author contributions, co-citation networks, and keyword co-occurrence in the existing literature. Furthermore, from the perspectives of experimental research, numerical simulation, and risk assessment, an in-depth review is provided on advancements in understanding hydrogen leakage and diffusion behaviors. Key topics include the diffusion dynamics and spontaneous ignition behavior of high-pressure hydrogen leaks, dispersion characteristics of hydrogen-enriched natural gas leaks, and diffusion patterns and risk assessment of hydrogen refueling station leaks. Additionally, the current challenges, limitations, and gaps in the existing research are summarized. Finally, potential future research directions are proposed to support scientific progress, industrial innovation, and risk-prevention strategies in the field of hydrogen energy.
  • EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DYNAMIC RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF PEMWE BASED ON FLUCTUATING POWER SUPPLY
    Zeng Qinghui, Yang Xiaohong, Liu Zhitong, Ji Feng, Yuan Fanhang, Jin Yuan
    2026, 47(5): 579-587. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2389
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In this study, an experimental PEMWE system was developed to systematically investigate four representative dynamic operating conditions： start-up, shut-down, step-loading, and unloading. Particular attention was given to the effects of inlet water temperature and inlet water flow rate on voltage response, temperature evolution, and energy efficiency under these transient conditions. The results indicate that during the loading process, both the cell voltage and outlet water temperature exhibit pronounced overshoot behavior in response to rapid current changes. Increasing the loading current intensifies these fluctuations. In contrast, reducing the inlet water flow rate and increasing the inlet water temperature effectively mitigate voltage, temperature, and energy efficiency fluctuations. The test electrolyzer demonstrates the smallest dynamic deviations at an inlet water temperature of 80 ℃, a flow rate of 60 mL/min, and a loading current of 2 A. For stable operation of small-scale （hundred-watt-level） PEMWE under dynamic power input, it is recommended to minimize abrupt current variations, increase the inlet water temperature, and appropriately reduce the water flow rate.
  • OUTPUT PERFORMANCE TESTING OF VEHICLE-INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES UNDER SHADING CONDITIONS
    Liu Shuai, Wang Dengjia, Yin Hao, Liu Yanfeng
    2026, 47(5): 588-594. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2153
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In this study, VIPV is taken as the research object, and experimental tests are conducted to investigate the impact of different numbers of shaded cells and shading patterns on the actual output performance of VIPV modules. The results indicate that shading on a single module significantly affects the output voltage, current, and power of the VIPV module. As the number of shaded cells increases, the output performance decreases by up to 98%. Regarding different shading patterns, double-row shading results in a greater reduction in output performance compared to single-row shading. When the shaded area exceeds 20% of the module's surface, the module becomes unable to generate power, and the output power drops to nearly zero.
  • COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MICROCRACK PROPAGATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES WITH DIFFERENT ADHESIVE FILMS
    Fang Qinghe, Jiao Bowen, Zhang Yuyun, Chen Zaixian, Guo Anxin
    2026, 47(5): 595-602. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2268
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A numerical model was set up based on extended finite element method （XFEM） to investigate the mechanism of microcracks in silicon cells of photovoltaic （PV） modules with different adhesive films. The three-dimensional numerical model of photovoltaic modules was validated by existing experimental results. The influence of two different adhesive films, EVA and POE, on the microcrack propagation of photovoltaic modules under uniformly distributed external loads was studied with the validated numerical model. This study shows that： the photovoltaic module with POE material exhibits a more uniform stress distribution, less localized stress concentration and lower average stress in the silicon cells in comparison with EVA, which would reduce the probability of the appearance of initial cracks. The crack propagation process in the silicon cells located in the medium and high-stress zones is investigated by introducing an initial crack. For the silicon cells in the high-stress areas, the crack area in the silicon cell with POE material is approximately half of that with EVA material. The POE material delays the crack propagation significantly. The comparison results indicate that POE material exhibits better toughness and crack resistance, which is a more effective solution for suppressing the appearance of microcracks in photovoltaic modules.
  • PHOTOVOLTAIC ACCESS RPC VARIABLE STEP ADALINE SELF-INTRUSION LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATION MANAGEMENT
    Zhao Xia, Ma Shumei, Wang Ying, Chen Xiaoqiang, Ge Leijiao, Ma Yafei
    2026, 47(5): 603-612. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2308
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In order to improve the low-frequency stability of photovoltaic integration into the railway power supply system through the railway power conditioner （RPC）, RPC variable-step-size adaptive neural network （Adaline） self-immune model predictive control strategy was proposed. Firstly, the operation principle of photovoltaic access to railway power supply system was analyzed, and the mathematical model of photovoltaic and RPC single-phase power supply arm were established. Secondly, the characteristics of the traditional model predictive control and ADRC in suppressing system disturbances were analyzed. In view of the difficulty of parameter setting of active disturbance rejection controller, the online parameter tuning using a variable-step-size Adaline was implemented to suppress system disturbance, and the low frequency stability of new energy photovoltaic system was im-proved when it was integrated into railway power supply system. Finally, After testing and comparison, the proposed strategy improves the low frequency stability of the system, reduces the total harmonic distortion rate of the system current, takes into account the fast response of DC voltage and overshoot suppression, and avoids the parameter tuning of the ADRC controller.
  • EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PbBr2 CONCENTRATIONS ON PERFORMANCE OF CsPbBr3 PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS
    Cui Tianyang, Yang Wen, Yang Peizhi
    2026, 47(5): 613-619. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2311
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In this work, the CsPbBr3 solar cells based on different concentrations of PbBr2 are prepared by a multi-step spin coating method. The effect of different PbBr2 concentrations on the photovoltaic performance of CsPbBr3 solar cells is studied. The results showed that compared with CsPbBr3 solar cells based on 0.6, 0.8 and 1.2 mol/L PbBr2, the short-circuit current density of CsPbBr3 solar cell with 1.0 mol/L PbBr2 is effectively improved （7.47 mA/cm2）, which leads to an improvement in device efficiency （7.30%）. Characterization tests revealed that the CsPbBr₃ absorber layer prepared with a PbBr2 concentration of 1.0 mol/L exhibits better uniformity, lower roughness, higher light absorption, and stronger electron-hole separation capability, leading to improved device efficiency.
  • RESEARCH PROGRESS ON GENERATION MECHANISM OF SILICON FINES ON SURFACE OF GRANULAR SILICON AND ITS INFLUENCE ON CZOCHRALSKI MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON AND ITS ELIMINATION METHOD
    Rao Yongxian, Li Jie, Huang Huyixiong, Zhang Jinbing, Hu Dongli
    2026, 47(5): 620-626. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2318
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    High-purity polysilicon is the main raw material for solar photovoltaics and semiconductors, and its preparation methods mainly include the modified Siemens process and the silane fluidized bed reactor （FBR） process. Due to the specificity of the processes, the silicon fines content in granular polysilicon produced by the silane FBR process is higher than that of rod-shaped silicon produced by the modified Siemens process, which can lead to severe impacts on the thermal field and equipment during the subsequent producing of the Czochralski monocrystalline silicon and also affect the quality of the monocrystalline silicon. Currently, research on dedusting of granular silicon is still in its infancy, and the dust removal methods commonly used in the market are typically physical separation methods, but the effectiveness is not significant. This paper analyzes the causes of fines formation in the silane FBR process, elaborates on the impact of silicon fines on Czochralski monocrystalline silicon and corresponding control measures, and summarizes the current research status of dedusting of granular silicon. Finally, suggestions for future research and development related to the turbidity of granular silicon are proposed.
  • RESEARCH ON FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY BASED ON VMD-CNN-BiLSTM OPTIMIZED BY IMPROVED SPARROW SEARCH ALGORITHM
    Yu Yang, Guo Dong, Xu Yi, Wang Pengwei, Gao Chao, Sui Yongjia
    2026, 47(5): 627-638. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2338
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the challenges in precise fault identification and diagnostic reliability enhancement for photovoltaic （PV） arrays, this study develops an integrated fault diagnosis framework incorporating Adaptive Sparrow Search Algorithm （ASFSSA）-optimized Variational Mode Decomposition （VMD） with a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory （CNN-BiLSTM） architecture. The framework comprises three principal phases： Initially, ASFSSA-driven parameter optimization is implemented for VMD's critical parameters （modal components K and penalty coefficient α）, enhancing computational efficiency and decomposition precision. Subsequently, the optimized VMD algorithm performs multiscale decomposition of PV array fault signals to selectively extract discriminative feature components. Ultimately, these processed features are fed into the CNN-BiLSTM network for hierarchical feature abstraction and multi-class fault pattern recognition. Comprehensive experimental evaluations demonstrate the framework's superior performance, achieving 98.97% mean diagnostic accuracy on benchmark datasets and 99.30% accuracy on operational PV plant fault data, surpassing benchmark models in both controlled and real-world scenarios. These quantitative outcomes substantiate the technical viability and diagnostic effectiveness of the proposed intelligent fault diagnosis system.
  • REGIONAL PHOTOVOLTAIC OUTPUT DATA QUALITY ENHANCEMENT AND ULTRA-SHORT-TERM POWER PREDICTION METHOD BASED ON DGAT-TRANSFORMER ENSEMBLE ALGORITHM
    Ren Hui, Yu Guangfa, Qiang Hanyue, Wang Fei, Zhen Zhao, Chang Xiqiang
    2026, 47(5): 639-649. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2352
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the decline in prediction accuracy caused by varying degrees of missing photovoltaic data across regional power stations, this paper proposes a novel framework that integrates photovoltaic power data imputation based on spatiotemporal correlation and dynamic graph attention network modeling with distributed photovoltaic power prediction leveraging a period-trend component decoupling approach. Specifically, a variational mode decomposition （VMD） model optimized via Bayesian algorithms is first employed to decompose the photovoltaic power series into multiple trend-stationary subsequences, which are then merged to form a comprehensive feature matrix. Subsequently, a hybrid model combining a dynamic graph attention network and Transformer is developed to more accurately capture the dynamic correlations within the feature matrix across spatiotemporal dimensions. This model is utilized to predict and reconstruct the missing subsequences, resulting in a complete photovoltaic dataset. Finally, a prediction model based on the principle of variational inference, termed the period-trend component decoupling model （LaST）, is introduced to further decompose the photovoltaic power into periodic and trend components. These components are individually modeled and predicted before being reconstructed to enhance overall prediction accuracy. Simulation results validate that the proposed method generates datasets with higher fidelity, which, when used as training samples, significantly improve prediction performance. Moreover, the superiority of the LaST model over conventional approaches in photovoltaic power forecasting is also demonstrated.
  • PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PREDICTION METHOD BASED ON SIMILAR DAY CLUSTERING AND TEMPORAL IMAGE FEATURE EXTRACTION
    Guo Wei, Xu Li, Tang Xujing, Zhao Danyang, Chen Fanglin, Wang Tian
    2026, 47(5): 650-659. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2355
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper introduces a hybrid deep learning PV power prediction model that leverages feature extraction from time-series images. Firstly, a multi-dimensional meteorological feature screening mechanism was developed using the comprehensive correlation coefficient method to optimize the selection of key influencing factors. Secondly, an enhanced K-Medoids clustering algorithm was proposed by incorporating a dynamic time warping （DTW） distance measure based on LB_Keogh distance, which improves the robustness and clustering efficiency of the algorithm and enables precise classification of sunny, cloudy, and rainy weather patterns. Finally, the selected high-correlation meteorological variables and historical PV power data were transformed into two-dimensional Gramian angular field images and fed into the CSWin-Transformer model for power prediction. Compared with other models, the proposed approach demonstrates superior prediction accuracy under three typical weather conditions, offering a novel methodology for PV power generation prediction.
  • SYNCHRONIZATION STABILITY ANALYSIS OF GRID-CONNECTED PV CONVERTERS CONSIDERING FREQUENCY LIMITER
    Gong Diyang, Chen Qiong, Li Zhihao, Tang Yajie, Shi Xiaojie
    2026, 47(5): 660-670. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2365
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Frequency limiters are typically applied in phase-locked loop （PLL） to prevent large-scale desynchronization between converters and the grid. This study considers the nonlinear characteristics of frequency limiters and investigates the synchronization stability of grid-connected PV converter systems under various operating conditions. Firstly, a negative feedback linear model of the system incorporating the frequency limiter is developed. Based on this model, for both stable and unstable conditions before limiter activation, the describing function method is employed to reveal the intrinsic mechanism of sustained oscillations after limiter activation. The oscillation amplitude and frequency under different limiting values and control parameters are quantitatively calculated. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform based on Typhoon HIL604 is established, and the case-study results verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed analysis method after the limiter is triggered.
  • CALCULATION AND OPTIMIZATION METHOD OF RADIATION ON INCLINED SURFACES IN MULTI-ROW PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS ACCOUNTING FOR SHADOW SHADING
    Li Fen, Feng Honglei, Qu Aifang, Tan Minhui, Mao Ling, Sun Gaiping
    2026, 47(5): 671-682. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2383
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In this paper, we propose an improved radiation calculation model to address the challenges associated with the imprecise calculation of radiation on inclined surfaces under shading conditions. The model first utilizes atmospheric transmissivity to classify weather types, determine whether sunlight is obstructed by clouds, and analyze the beam radiation on the inclined surface based on the geometry of the sun's rays. This allows for the classification of shaded and unshaded areas both on the inclined surface and on the ground. Secondly, based on the classified weather types and view factor modeling, the anisotropic Hay model is employed to estimate diffuse radiation for clear and partly cloudy days with beam radiation, while the isotropic Liu-Jordan model is used for overcast days. Thirdly, the isotropic model calculates the reflected radiation using the view factor to both the ground and the rear surface of the panels. Finally, a mathematical model is developed to numerically analyze the variations in tilt angle, the distance between adjacent arrays, and total radiation, leading to the optimization of PV array installations. The results demonstrate that the model can accurately estimate total radiation under shading conditions and that this methad is practically applicable to the design of distributed photovoltaic systems.
  • NON-INTRUSIVE RESIDENTIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC IDENTIFICATION BASED ON FEATURE ANALYSIS AND MGAT-TCN MODEL
    Ni Yini, Wu Zhengtao, Li Zichen, Xia Yanghong
    2026, 47(5): 683-696. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2387
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper focuses on behind-the-meter PV monitoring and proposes a non-intrusive residential PV identification method based on feature analysis and a hybrid model combining a Multi-Graph Attention Network with a Temporal Convolutional Network （MGAT-TCN）. First, the grid-connection and state-switching characteristics of household two-stage PV devices are analyzed to construct and rank a comprehensive feature set. Next, a two-stage cumulative sum （CUSUM） event detection algorithm based on a multifunctional composite sliding window, is proposed to detect PV state-switching and grid-connecting behaviors. Subsequently, the MGAT-TCN model is employed to accurately identify these behaviors using an optimized subset of features. Finally, the accuracy and real-time performance of the proposed method are validated on a self-built non-intrusive experimental platform. The results demonstrate that the proposed event detection algorithm accurately locates PV behaviors, reducing time-localization errors by at least 0.3s compared to traditional algorithms. Furthermore, the MGAT-TCN model achieves an identification accuracy of over 96%, outperforming typical neural network methods by at least 2.66%.
  • PREDICTION METHOD FOR REMAINING LIFE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES BASED ON DYNAMIC GAMMA PROCESS AND PARAMETER ADAPTIVE ADJUSTMENT
    Chen Wei, Wu Yang, Pei Tingting, Wei Zhi, Wu Yan
    2026, 47(5): 697-704. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2395
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the dynamic characteristics of photovoltaic （PV） module degradation and the need for adaptive remaining useful life （RUL） prediction, a Dynamic Gamma Degradation Process Model （DGDPM） is established, and a PV module RUL prediction method integrating degradation modeling with adaptive parameter updating is proposed. First, a power degradation model for PV modules based on the DGDPM is constructed to characterize the time-varying behavior of the degradation process. Subsequently, the distribution parameters of the Gamma process are dynamically adjusted using real-time degradation data. An interpolation technique is introduced to enhance data resolution, while a sliding window mechanism is employed to enable real-time parameter updating, thereby improving prediction accuracy and robustness. Through modeling and analysis of degradation data from different stages and different PV modules, the proposed method is validated in terms of its accuracy and superiority for real-time RUL prediction of PV modules.
  • PERFORMANCE STUDY OF SiOx LAYERS FABRICATED BY WET PROCESS COMBINED WITH PEO METHOD FOR TOPCON SOLAR CELLS
    Wang Liting, Zhou Xiaoying, Du Jingliang, Han Huidan, Xu Wei, Wang Shouzhi
    2026, 47(5): 705-710. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2406
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    With the advancement of crystalline silicon solar cell technology, tunneling oxide passivatel contact （TOPCon） solar cells have gradually become the dominant technology in industrial silicon solar cells. An ultra-thin silicon oxide （SiOx） layer was fabricated by combining wet oxidation with plasma-enhanced oxidation （PEO） methods. The effects of different film thickness combinations on the uniformity of the SiOx layer, as well as on the appearance, passivation performance and electrical properties of TOPCon solar cells, were investigated. The results demonstrate that as the thickness of the wet oxidation layer increases and the thickness of the PEO layer decreases, the uniformity of the SiOx film gradually improves, while the Grade A yield, passivation performance and electrical properties of the cells first increase and then decrease. When the wet oxidation layer thickness is 0.6 nm and the PEO layer thickness is 1 nm, the Grade A yield, passivation performance and electrical properties of the solar cells reach the optimal level. At this point, the Grade A yield of the cells reaches 97.09%, the minority carrier lifetime τ reaches 1859 μs, the implied open-circuit voltage （iVoc） and recombination current density （J0） are 742 mV and 6.99 fA/cm², respectively, and the conversion efficiency is 26.42%.
  • SINGLE-PHASE DUAL-GROUNDED TRANSFORMER-LESS PV GRID-CONNECTED BUCK-BOOST INVERTER
    Wang Liqiao, Wang Yan, Wang Penglei, Zhang Di
    2026, 47(5): 711-719. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2422
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A dual-grounded single-phase non-isolated grid-connected photovoltaic inverter capable of Buck-Boost operation is proposed in this paper. The inverter combines a Zeta converter and a Cuk converter by utilizing a shared DC-side inductor and an AC-side inductor and capacitor to form a dual-ground topology,which has the ability to Buck-Boost,and can adapt to a wide range of DC input voltage variations. The dual-grounding topology achieves complete suppression of parasitic leakage current, thereby enhancing system operational integrity and safety compliance. The inverter,devoid of electrolytic capacitors,is characterized by its compact size, low cost, high efficiency,and extended lifespan. The working principle, Buck-Boost capability,and modulation strategy of the inverter are detailed in this paper. Based on theoretical analysis,the simulation and experiment of the inverter's Buck-Boost operation, disturbance,and grid-connected control have been successfully completed,with results that are satisfactory and consistent with the theoretical analysis.
  • SHORT-TERM POWER PREDICTION OF 5G PHOTOVOLTAIC BASE STATIONS BASED ON ICOA-BP
    Zhang Zhanyong, Wang Chaomin, Chen Junjiang, Gao Xuchong, Guo Wenhao, Qin Tuanfa
    2026, 47(5): 720-731. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2444
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To reduce the high energy consumption and costs of 5G communication technology, 5G photovoltaic base stations （PVBSs） integrate efficient and low-cost photovoltaic power generation technologies and employ energy routers to combine communication with energy utilization. To ensure the stability of the power supply system in 5G PVBSs, this study proposes a short-term power prediction method based on a back propagation （BP） neural network optimized by the improved crayfish optimization algorithm （ICOA）. The ICOA enhances global search capability and convergence speed through circular chaotic mapping, mirror reflection learning, an improved aquila optimizer, and the Lévy flight strategy. It effectively optimizes the weights and biases of the BP neural network to enhance photovoltaic power prediction accuracy. Moreover, the model employs principal component analysis to capture data correlations and reduce data dimensionality. A loop traversal algorithm is employed to select the optimal number of nodes in the hidden layer, ensuring optimal model performance. The experimental results show that the ICOA has excellent optimization and convergence capabilities. Furthermore, the ICOA-BP model achieves higher prediction accuracy under different weather conditions than BP neural network models optimized by the northern goshawk optimization algorithm, grey wolf optimization algorithm, whale optimization algorithm, and crayfish optimization algorithm. This improvement significantly enhances the stability of the power supply system in 5G PVBSs.
  • ULTRA-SHORT-TERM PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PREDICTION BASED ON SEASONAL SIMILAR DAY CLUSTERING AND STACKING ENSEMBLE LEARNING
    Li Zhongwen, Li Haiyang, Cheng Zhiping, Sui Quan, Wang Yi
    2026, 47(5): 732-740. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0002
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Traditional ultra-short-term photovoltaic （PV） power forecasting methods often rely on a single prediction model, resulting in limited stability and generalization capability. To overcome these shortcomings, this study proposes a novel ultra-short-term PV power forecasting approach integrating seasonal similar-day clustering with Stacking ensemble learning. Key meteorological features relevant to PV output are first identified using Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses. Historical data from an Australian PV plant are then processed through seasonal K-means similar-day clustering to capture the seasonal characteristics of PV generation more accurately. Four diverse base learners—long short-term memory （LSTM） networks, convolutional neural networks （CNN）, extreme learning machine（ELM）, and support vector machine（SVM）—are combined, with extreme gradient boosting （XGBoost） serving as the meta-learner. The hyperparameters of XGBoost are optimized via the particle swarm optimization （PSO） algorithm to construct the final Stacking ensemble model. Simulation results verify that the proposed method delivers enhanced forecasting accuracy and stability under diverse seasonal and meteorological conditions.
  • RESEARCH ON PHOTOVOLTAIC OUTPUT PREDICTION METHOD OF TCN-TRANSFORMER CONSIDERING INGO AND VMD
    Zheng Feifan, Xu Ye, Wang Xu, Meng Yikang, Li Zhongyan
    2026, 47(5): 741-754. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0026
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper proposes a combined prediction model for PV output through incorporating the improved northern goshawk optimization（INGO） algorithm, variational mode decomposition（VMD） technology and temporal convolutional network（TCN）- Transformer into a general framework. Firstly, the dynamic time warping （DTW） algorithm is employed to calculate the cumulative distance between the meteorological sequences of the predicted day and candidate historical days, leading to a set of historical days with similar weather characteristics to the targeted day. Secondly, the northern goshawk optimization （NGO） algorithm is improved with the aid of Logistic chaotic mapping, hierarchical mechanism, Levy method and nonlinear factor, effectively addressing the traditional NGO's susceptibility to local optima. Thirdly, the combination of INGO and VMD is used to decompose the original power generation sequence of the target day into different intrinsic mode functions （IMFs）. Finally, the meteorological data and IMF components are used as input and output variables, respectively, to train a combined TCN-Transformer prediction model optimized by INGO. Using the measured operational data from a PV power station in Yunnan Province as a case study, the superiority of the proposed method is validated. achieving high prediction accuracy under both sunny and cloudy weather conditions.
  • RESEARCH AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BAMBOO-BASED MATERIALS IN OFFSHORE FLOATING PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
    Song Weiju, Liu Daobing, Jia Zhaolin, Cao Zheng, Wang Peng, Chu Qingtao
    2026, 47(5): 755-761. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0039
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The mechanical properties of bamboo, foam, and polyurea were first characterized through experimental tests. The obtained parameters were then validated by establishing a numerical model in ABAQUS. Based on the integrated experimental and finite element analysis results, a novel offshore floating photovoltaic structure was designed. Performance evaluation under multiple loads demonstrates that the structure satisfies all bearing capacity requirements, thereby providing a scientific foundation for the practical implementation of offshore floating photovoltaic systems.
  • APPLICATION OF IMPROVED PSO WITH PARTIAL SHADING DETECTION IN PHOTOVOLTAIC MPPT
    Zhang Shuhan, Xu Feng, Zhang Lijie, Li Lei, Zhang Qiyu
    2026, 47(5): 762-770. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0040
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the challenges of slow convergence speed, significant power fluctuations, and difficulties in real-time tracking encountered by photovoltaic maximum power point tracking （MPPT） control systems under dynamic irradiance conditions, this paper proposes an improved particle swarm optimization （IPSO） algorithm incorporating partial shading detection. The enhanced algorithm introduces an adaptive updating mechanism for the inertia weight w while eliminating random parameters r1 and r2 to streamline the velocity update equation. Through comprehensive analysis of the power output characteristics under partial shading conditions, the quantity and distribution patterns of particles have been optimized. Furthermore, a simplified partial shading detection method is developed based on the P-V curve characteristics of photovoltaic arrays under varying illumination conditions, which is subsequently integrated into the refined PSO algorithm. Experimental validation irradiance that the enhanced algorithm exhibits superior optimization capability and accelerated convergence during the tracking process, effectively mitigating power oscillations. The proposed methodology demonstrates exceptional dynamic performance in fluctuating light environments, exhibiting remarkable adaptability to diverse sudden irradiance change scenarios.
  • NUMERICAL STUDY ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF MOLTEN SALT STEAM GENERATORS IN CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER PLANTS
    Tian Jiaming, Duan Yiran, Wang Yueshe
    2026, 47(5): 771-777. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2325
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Regarding the proportional-scale molten salt steam generator for concentrating solar power plants, the lumped parameter method, along with the control volume method and the Gauss-Seidel method, is simultaneously employed to establish a numerical model for predicting its thermal performance by considering the heat and mass transfer phenomena of molten salt-to-water/steam phase change in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The influence of different flow rates and flow patterns on heat transfer characteristics is analyzed. The results indicate that the molten salt flow rate is the primary factor affecting the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of the steam generator. Higher molten salt flow rates lead to an increased overall heat transfer coefficient but reduced effectiveness. Based on the analysis of the intense phase change locations, it is recommended to adopt a design where the molten salt enters from the tail end of the steam generator.
  • STUDY ON EFFECTS OF INSTALLATION CONSTRAINTS ON PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING-INTEGRATED SOLAR CHIMNEYS
    Chao Yuncheng, Wang Xing, Pan Xianchao, Zhu Yangli, Guan Yin, Chen Haisheng
    2026, 47(5): 778-790. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2408
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The thermo-fluidic performance of Building-Integrated Solar Chimneys （BISC） is influenced by solar collector geometry and chimney off-center configuration. The present investigation employs three-dimensional numerical modelling integrating the realizable k-ε turbulence model with the DO radiation modelling to resolve coupled heat transfer and airflow dynamics in solar chimney （SC） systems, and the accuracy of the numerical model is confirmed by comparing the experimental data with the simulation results from the literature. Applying this validated methodology, a systematic parametric study is conducted on 22 geometrically distinct SC configurations. The results show that for circular collectors, the output power demonstrates significant sensitivity to deviation factor Δd, and the decrease of the output power gradually increases with the increase of Δd, with a maximum reduction of 56.9%. For square collector, the variation of the output power of the SC is affected by Δd in a similar pattern to that of the circular collector, albeit to a lesser extent （52.0%）. In addition, the output power of the SC for the square collector is also affected by the angle factor Δθ. When Δθ is 45°, the output power of SC decreases by a maximum of 43.9% as Δd increases, and an increase in Δθ attenuates the negative effect of an increase in Δd.
  • PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PCHE HEAT EXCHANGER FOR MOLTEN SALT AND SCO2 IN TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNELS
    Yu Zhibin, Wu Jiangbo, Du Xiaoze, Yang Ke
    2026, 47(5): 791-796. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2433
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper establishes a trapezoidal cross-sectional PCHE model and uses numerical simulation methods to study the PCHE heat exchanger with molten salt and SCO2 as working fluids, further exploring the flow and heat transfer characteristics of both.The results indicate that with the increase in mass flow rate, temperature, and pressure, the convective heat transfer coefficient of SCO2 increases, while the heat transfer coefficient of molten salt gradually decreases. The trapezoidal cross-sectional channel enhances the heat transfer performance due to the secondary flow effect, especially under a 35-degree bending angle, where the effect is more pronounced.Compared to traditional semicircular channels, the temperature rise in trapezoidal cross-section channels increases by 5.5%, and the pressure drop decreased by 8.6%.
  • DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF COMPOUND HYPERBOLIC CONCENTRATORS
    Wu Jian, Zhang Gaoming, Jiang Jiaqi, Xu Zhipeng, Zhou Bin
    2026, 47(5): 797-807. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-0005
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the issues of high aspect ratio, small acceptance angle and non-uniform irradiance distribution in traditional compound parabolic concentrators （CPCs）, a compound hyperbolic concentrator （CHC） was designed by establishing a mathematical model of the geometric profile. The half acceptance angles and aspect ratios of the concentrators were obtained under different geometric concentration ratios. By applying the Monte Carlo ray tracing method, the optical efficiency and irradiance non-uniformity of CPC and CHC were analyzed. The results indicated that under different concentration ratios, the aspect ratio of CHC was always lower than that of CPC, and the half acceptance angle of CHC was always larger than that of CPC. When the concentration ratios were 2 and 4, the aspect ratios of CHC were 1.5 and 5.6 respectively, which were lower than those of CPC at 2.6 and 7.5. The half acceptance angles of CHC were 53.14° and 28° respectively, which were largr than those of CPC at 30° and 14.1°. The optical efficiency of CPC within the acceptance angle range was higher than that of CHC, but CHC possessed a stronger ability for continuous concentration than CPC. When the concentration ratios were 2 and 4, respectively, it was necessary to increase the reflective area of CHC by approximately 20% and 30% along the longitudinal direction to compensate for its lower optical efficiency within the CPC half acceptance angles. However, outside the CPC half acceptance angles, the wider half acceptance angles allowed the CHC to achieve similar concentrating performance to CPC. Additionally, under different incident angles, the maximum irradiance non-uniformity of CHC （0.59 and 0.58） was much lower than that of CPC （6.31 and 12.51）, suggesting a more uniform irradiance distribution on the receiving surface. On account of lower aspect ratio, wider acceptance angle and more uniform irradiance, CHC had better potential than CPC in the application of non-tracking low concentrating photovoltaic/thermal systems.
  • EXPERIMENTAL TEST RESEARCH ON THERMOELECTRIC PERFORMANCE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC WALLS ON BUILDING FACADES IN LHASA
    Song Xuan, Wang Dengjia, Qu Lei, Deng Xingzhen, Yin Hao
    2026, 47(5): 808-815. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2290
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In order to study the dynamic coupling relationship between the power generation and heat transfer performance of facade PV wall and the actual meteorological parameters in the plateau, this study built a facade envelope structure photovoltaic integrated experimental platform based on a building in Lhasa, Xizang Province, tested the difference between the heat transfer and power generation performance of the facade PV wall on typical winter and summer days, and quantitatively analyzed the dynamic influence of the typical meteorological factors in plateau such as solar irradiance and outdoor temperature on the thermoelectric performance parameters of the facade PV wall. On this basis, a power generation prediction model based on solar irradiance, ambient temperature and thermoelectric data was constructed. The results of this study can provide test data support for the design of facade PV walls and the energy matching analysis of PV buildings in plateau area.
  • STUDY ON THERMOELECTRIC COUPLING MODEL AND POWER GENERATION POTENTIAL OF FACADE BIPV SYSTEM
    Yin Hao, Liu Yanfeng, Zhou Yong, Chen Yaowen
    2026, 47(5): 816-824. https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2414
    PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In this study, a thermoelectric coupling model was established for the facade BIPV system, and a simulation program was written using the Matlab platform to analyze the power generation patterns of the BIPV system in different regions. The research first introduces the working principle of the facade BIPV system, and constructs a thermoelectric coupling model based on the power generation and heat transfer processes. Using the facade BIPV experimental platform with six moduls rated at 385 W each Xi 'an, Shaanxi, an error analysis was conducted between the simulation data and the experimental data. The RMSE between the predicted value of the model power and the experimental value is 1.0357 W, the MAE is 0.7117 W, and the RE is 2.7 %. By simulating the power generation data in different regions, the simulation results show that the areas with abundant solar energy resources （severe cold and mild areas） have higher annual total power generation. Although the solar radiation conditions in severe cold areas are limited, power generation on the south facade is outstanding in winter. In addition, in hot summer and cold winter, hot summer and warm winter and mild areas, the difference in power generation in each orientation is small, and it is suitable to flexibly adjust the configuration in the east, west and south directions according to the building layout, so as to fully tap the power generation potential of each orientation.
京ICP备09051717号-3
Copyright © Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica　Address: No.3 Huayuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing. 　Postal Code: 100083
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co. Ltd