REVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL AND TESTING STANDARDS FOR GRID-FORMING RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Li Shaolin, Zhang Wanyue, Qin Shiyao, Zhang Jin, He Jing

Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4) : 201-214.

PDF(2789 KB)
Welcome to visit Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, Today is
PDF(2789 KB)
Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4) : 201-214. DOI: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-1109

REVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL AND TESTING STANDARDS FOR GRID-FORMING RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

  • Li Shaolin, Zhang Wanyue, Qin Shiyao, Zhang Jin, He Jing
Author information +
History +

Abstract

In view of the discernible discrepancies in the core functions, parameter indicators, and other aspects of grid-forming technology standards for renewable energy between domestic and foreign countries, this paper offers a comprehensive overview of grid-forming technology standards and research status both domestically and internationally, encompassing the definition of grid-forming technology, core functions, and indicator testing. A comparative study was conducted on the definition of grid-forming configuration based on different standards, and the connotation and extension of grid-forming configuration control were explored. Next, the core functions and additional functions of grid-forming were compared and analyzed, and the core and additional functions of grid-forming were clarified. On this basis, the testing methods and platforms for various functional indicators were introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method were pointed out. Finally, the development direction of functional and testing standards for grid-forming technology was discussed, which has important reference and guidance significance for the standard development and promotion of grid-forming technology.

Key words

renewable energy / grid forming technology / technical standard / functional parameter / test method

Cite this article

Download Citations
Li Shaolin, Zhang Wanyue, Qin Shiyao, Zhang Jin, He Jing. REVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL AND TESTING STANDARDS FOR GRID-FORMING RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica. 2026, 47(4): 201-214 https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2025-1109

References

[1] 谢小荣, 贺静波, 毛航银, 等. “双高”电力系统稳定性的新问题及分类探讨[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41(2): 461-474.
XIE X R, HE J B, MAO H Y, et al.New issues and classification of power system stability with high shares of renewables and power electronics[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(2): 461-474.
[2] 刘永奇, 陈龙翔, 韩小琪. 能源转型下我国新能源替代的关键问题分析[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2022, 42(2): 515-524.
LIU Y Q, CHEN L X, HAN X Q.The key problem analysis on the alternative new energy under the energy transition[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(2): 515-524.
[3] WANG X F, BLAABJERG F.Harmonic stability in power electronic-based power systems: concept, modeling, and analysis[J]. IEEE transactions on smart grid, 2019, 10(3): 2858-2870.
[4] 张进, 李少林, 王伟胜, 等. 双馈风电机组虚拟惯量控制量化分析与参数优化整定[J]. 电网技术, 2023, 47(4): 1369-1379.
ZHANG J, LI S L, WANG W S, et al.Quantitative analysis and parameter optimization of virtual inertia control for doubly fed wind turbine[J]. Power system technology, 2023, 47(4): 1369-1379.
[5] 桑顺, 高宁, 蔡旭, 等. 功率-电压控制型并网逆变器及其弱电网适应性研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(8): 2339-2350.
SANG S, GAO N, CAI X, et al.A power-voltage controlled grid-connected inverter and its adaptability research under weak grid conditions[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(8): 2339-2350.
[6] 谢震, 许可宝, 秦世耀, 等. 基于电压源型和电流源型双馈风电机组稳定性对比分析[J]. 电网技术, 2021, 45(5): 1724-1735.
XIE Z, XU K B, QIN S Y, et al.Comparative analysis of doubly-fed wind turbine stability based on voltage source and current source[J]. Power system technology, 2021, 45(5): 1724-1735.
[7] ENTSO-E.High penetration of power electronic interfaced power sources (HPOPEIPS)[R]. 2017.
[8] ESIG. 10 things you should know about grid-forming inverters[R]. 2020.
[9] IEC/TS 62898-3-1, Microgrids:part 3-1:technical requirements:protection and dynamic control[S].
[10] ENTSO-E.High penetration of power electronic interfaced power sources and the potential contribution of grid forming converters[R]. 2020.
[11] GB/T 38983.1—2020, 虚拟同步机第1部分: 总则[S].
GB/T 38983.1—2020, Virtual synchronous machine: part 1: general[S].
[12] VDE FNN.Grid-forming & system-supporting behavior of power-generating modules[S]. 2020.
[13] NERC. Grid forming technology: bulk power system reliability considerations[S]. 2021.
[14] National Grid ESO.Minimum specification required for grid forming provision of GB (GBGF) capability virtual machine/VSM (formerly synchronous capability)[S]. 2021.
[15] Interconnection and interoperability of inverter-based resources interconnecting with associated transmission systems: IEEE P2800 draft[S]. IEEE.
[16] NERC. Grid forming functional specifications for BPS connected battery energy storage systems[S]. 2023.
[17] T/CNESA1008—2023, 构网型储能变流器技术规范[S].
T/CNESA1008—2023, Technical specification for grid-forming power conversion system of energy storage systems[S].
[18] T/CES 243—2023, 构网型储能系统并网技术规范[S].
T/CES 243—2023, Technical specification for application of grid-forming energy storage system[S].
[19] AEMO. Voluntary specification for grid-forming inverters[S].
[20] UNIFI. Specifications for grid-forming inverter-based resources[S]. 2024.
[21] T/CEEIA 804—2024, 构网型风电机组并网技术要求与测试规程[S].
T/CEEIA 804—2024, Grid-connected technical requirements and test procedures for grid forming wind turbine[S].
[22] T/CI 451—2024, 构网型光伏变换器并网技术规范[S].
T/CI 451—2024, Technical specification for grid-forming photovoltaic converters[S].
[23] OSMOSE. Analysis of the synchronization capabilities of BESS power converters[S].
[24] 刘旭, 张国驹, 裴玮, 等. 构网型变流器的现状与发展趋势[J]. 太阳能学报, 2024, 45(9): 101-111.
LIU X, ZHANG G J, PEI W, et al.Current status and development trends of grid type converters[J]. Acta energiae solaris sinica, 2024, 45(9): 101-111.
[25] MATEVOSYAN J, BADRZADEH B, PREVOST T, et al.Grid-forming inverters: are they the key for high renewable penetration?[J]. IEEE power and energy magazine, 2019, 17(6): 89-98.
[26] MATEVOSYAN J, MACDOWELL J, MILLER N, et al.A future with inverter-based resources: finding strength from traditional weakness[J]. IEEE power and energy magazine, 2021, 19(6): 18-28.
[27] 张进, 李少林, 秦世耀, 等.跟/构网型双馈风电机组宽频稳定及主动支撑性能量化对比[J/OL]. 电网技术, 2025: 1-14.(2025-02-13). https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2024.2024.
ZHANG J, LI S L, QIN S Y, et al.Quantitative comparison of wideband stability and active support characteristic of grid forming control and grid following control double fed induction generator[J/OL]. Power system technology, 2025: 1-14.(2025-02-13). https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2024.2024.
[28] 詹长江, 吴恒, 王雄飞, 等. 构网型变流器稳定性研究综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43(6): 2339-2359.
ZHAN C J, WU H, WANG X F, et al.An overview of stability studies of grid-forming voltage source converters[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43(6): 2339-2359.
[29] 刘雨昕, 彭克, 赵子达, 等. 多虚拟同步发电机并联系统功率低频振荡机理分析[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2024, 48(19): 89-100.
LIU Y X, PENG K, ZHAO Z D, et al.Mechanism analysis of power low-frequency oscillations in parallel system of multiple virtual synchronous generators[J]. Automation of electric power systems, 2024, 48(19): 89-100.
[30] 刘倪, 张昌华, 廖丽, 等. 计及无功电压环节的VSG虚拟转矩及振荡失稳机理分析[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2019, 43(6): 107-119.
LIU N, ZHANG C H, LIAO L, et al.Analysis on virtual torque and oscillation instability mechanism of virtual synchronous generator with reactive power-voltage controller[J]. Automation of electric power systems, 2019, 43(6): 107-119.
[31] 韩璐, 李少林, 秦世耀, 等. 基于VSG控制的跟/构网型变流器宽频动态特性量化对比[J]. 太阳能学报. 2025, 46(11): 542-552
HAN L, LI S L, QIN S Y, et al.Quantitative comparative analysis of wideband dynamic characteristics of VSG controlled grid-following/grid-forming converter[J]. Acta energiae solaris sinica, 2025, 46(11): 542-552
[32] 高本锋, 刘王锋, 丁雨晴, 等. 基于惯性同步的构网型光伏并网系统次同步振荡特性分析[J]. 太阳能学报, 2024, 45(8): 398-406.
GAO B F, LIU W F, DING Y Q, et al.Analysis of sub-synchronous oscillation characteristics of grid-forming photovoltaic system based on inertial synchronization[J]. Acta energiae solaris sinica, 2024, 45(8): 398-406.
[33] PAN D H, WANG X F, LIU F C, et al.Transient stability of voltage-source converters with grid-forming control: a design-oriented study[J]. IEEE journal of emerging and selected topics in power electronics, 2020, 8(2): 1019-1033.
[34] WU H, WANG X F.A mode-adaptive power-angle control method for transient stability enhancement of virtual synchronous generators[J]. IEEE journal of emerging and selected topics in power electronics, 2020, 8(2): 1034-1049.
[35] HUANG L B, XIN H H, WANG Z, et al.Transient stability analysis and control design of droop-controlled voltage source converters considering current limitation[J]. IEEE transactions on smart grid, 2019, 10(1): 578-591.
[36] ROKROK E, QORIA T, BRUYERE A, et al.Transient stability assessment and enhancement of grid-forming converters embedding current reference saturation as current limiting strategy[J]. IEEE transactions on power systems, 2022, 37(2): 1519-1531.
[37] TAUL M G, WANG X F, DAVARI P, et al.Current limiting control with enhanced dynamics of grid-forming converters during fault conditions[J]. IEEE journal of emerging and selected topics in power electronics, 2020, 8(2): 1062-1073.
[38] 袁小明, 何维. 动态过程的幅频调制统一本质与系统稳定问题分类及新能源发电构网能力创新[J]. 电源学报, 2021, 19(6): 1-9.
YUAN X M, HE W.Amplitude/frequency as prerequisites of operation and thus classification of stability problems and capability opportunities for new generations[J]. Journal of power supply, 2021, 19(6): 1-9.
[39] 李少林, 王伟胜, 张兴, 等. 风力发电对系统频率影响及虚拟惯量综合控制[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2019, 43(15): 64-70.
LI S L, WANG W S, ZHANG X, et al.Impact of wind power on power system frequency and combined virtual inertia control[J]. Automation of electric power systems, 2019, 43(15): 64-70.
[40] 张宇, 张琛, 蔡旭, 等. 虚拟同步机电流受限暂态电压支撑机理与改进故障穿越控制研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2024, 44(15): 5996-6010.
ZHANG Y, ZHANG C, CAI X, et al.Current-constrained transient voltage response analysis and an improved fault-ride through control of the virtual synchronous generator[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44(15): 5996-6010.
[41] ME S P, ZABIHI S, BLAABJERG F, et al.Adaptive virtual resistance for postfault oscillation damping in grid-forming inverters[J]. IEEE transactions on power electronics, 2022, 37(4): 3813-3824.
[42] GB/T 34120—2023, 电化学储能系统储能变流器技术要求[S].
GB/T 34120—2023, Technical requirements for power conversion system of electrochemical energy storage system[S].
[43] 程志江, 李帅, 杨天翔, 等. 基于DRU的海上风电场构网型变流器故障穿越控制策略研究[J]. 太阳能学报, 2025, 46(1): 140-150.
CHENG Z J, LI S, YANG T X, et al.Research on fault ride-through control strategy of grid-forming type converter for offshore wind farms based on DRU[J]. Acta energiae solaris sinica, 2025, 46(1): 140-150.
[44] 彭放, 高厚磊, 郭一飞, 等. 构网逆变电源故障穿越控制策略及其对保护影响的研究综述[J]. 电网技术, 2024, 48(9): 3673-3685.
PENG F, GAO H L, GUO Y F, et al.A review of fault ride-through control strategies of grid-forming inverter-based resources and the influence on protection[J]. Power system technology, 2024, 48(9): 3673-3685.
[45] SHUAI Z K, HUANG W, SHEN C, et al.Characteristics and restraining method of fast transient inrush fault currents in synchronverters[J]. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, 2017, 64(9): 7487-7497.
[46] 刘辉, 于思奇, 孙大卫, 等. 构网型变流器控制技术及原理综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2025, 45(1): 277-297.
LIU H, YU S Q, SUN D W, et al.An overview of control technologies and principles for grid-forming converters[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2025, 45(1): 277-297.
[47] DL/T 559—2018, 220 kV~750 kV电网继电保护装置运行整定规程[S].
DL/T 559—2018, Setting guide for 220 kV~750 kV power system protections[S].
[48] GB/T 38969—2020, 电力系统技术导则[S].
GB/T 38969—2020, Guide on technology for power system[S].
[49] 汤奕, 郑晨一, 楼伯良, 等. 抑制连续换相失败的直流功率控制策略[J]. 电网技术, 2019, 43(10): 3514-3522.
TANG Y, ZHENG C Y, LOU B L, et al.Research on DC power control strategy for mitigating continuous commutation failure[J]. Power system technology, 2019, 43(10): 3514-3522.
[50] 姚凌君, 袁雨诺, 杨永恒, 等. 电压源型分布式电源黑启动构网控制及关键技术综述[J]. 电网技术, 2025, 49(7): 2702-2711.
YAO L J, YUAN Y N, YANG Y H, et al.Review of grid-forming control and key technologies for voltage-source distributed energy resources black-start[J]. Power system technology, 2025, 49(7): 2702-2711.
[51] JIANG Y, BERNSTEIN A, VOROBEV P, et al.Grid-forming frequency shaping control for low-inertia power systems[J]. IEEE control systems letters, 2021, 5(6): 1988-1993.
[52] 李翠萍, 王艺茗, 李军徽, 等. 基于多储能动态调控的光储黑启动控制策略[J]. 太阳能学报, 2024, 45(9): 611-622.
LI C P, WANG Y M, LI J H, et al.Solar storage black start control strategy based on multi-storge dynamic regulation[J]. Acta energiae solaris sinica, 2024, 45(9): 611-622.
[53] 朱凌燕, 潘再平, 许国东. 采用改进虚拟同步控制的双馈型风电场黑启动方案[J]. 太阳能学报, 2021, 42(4): 162-167.
ZHU L Y, PAN Z P, XU G D.Black start scheme of DFIG-based wind farm adopting improved virtual synchronous control[J]. Acta energiae solaris sinica, 2021, 42(4): 162-167.
[54] LIU Q W, TAO Y, LIU X H, et al.Voltage unbalance and harmonics compensation for islanded microgrid inverters[J]. IET power electronics, 2014, 7(5): 1055-1063.
[55] 耿乙文, 田芳芳, 孙帅, 等. 一种基于虚拟同步发电机的电流谐波抑制方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2018, 33(5): 1040-1050.
GENG Y W, TIAN F F, SUN S, et al.A method of current harmonics suppression based on VSG[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2018, 33(5): 1040-1050.
[56] 潘子迅, 杨晓峰, 赵锐, 等. 不平衡电网下虚拟同步机的多模式协调策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(16): 4274-4285.
PAN Z X, YANG X F, ZHAO R, et al.Multi-mode coordination control of virtual synchronous generator under unbalanced power grid[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(16): 4274-4285.
[57] 秦世耀, 齐琛, 李少林, 等. 电压源型构网风电机组研究现状及展望[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43(4): 1314-1334.
QIN S Y, QI C, LI S L, et al.Review of the voltage-source grid forming wind turbine[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43(4): 1314-1334.
[58] NERC. Reliability guideline: electromagnetic transient modeling for bps-connected inverter-based resources-recommended model requirements and verification practices[S].
[59] 周京华, 李津. 构网型储能变流器国内外技术标准对比与分析[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2025, 49(11): 14-28.
ZHOU J H, LI J.Comparison and analysis of domestic and international technical standards for grid-forming energy storage conversion system[J]. Automation of electric power systems, 2025, 49(11): 14-28.
[60] AEMO. Voluntary specification for grid-forming inverters: core requirements test framework[S].
[61] National Grid ESO.The serviced grid code-issue 6 revision16[S].
[62] National Grid ESO.Great Britain grid forming best practice guide[S].
[63] VDE FNN.FNN guideline: grid forming behavior of HVDC systems and DC-connected PPMs[S].
[64] T/CES 244—2023, 构网型储能系统并网测试规范[S].
T/CES 244—2023, Test specification for application of grid-forming energy storage system[S].
PDF(2789 KB)

Accesses

Citation

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/