利用2023年中国136个辐射站逐小时总辐射对Himawari-9短波辐射进行多时空尺度评估,结果表明：1）全国平均日内变化上,08:00—18:00期间Himawari-9短波辐射与地基总辐射的相关系数（Corr）均超过0.85,呈单峰型分布,09:00和10:00最高;均方根误差（RMSE）日内变化同样呈单峰型分布,15:00最高;平均偏差（Bias）呈双峰型分布,峰值分别出现在10:00和15:00。2）全国平均年内变化上,Corr呈双峰型分布,两个峰值分别出现在4和10月份;RMSE呈单峰型分布,夏季（7—8月份）最高,均超过了100 W/m²,秋冬季节的RMSE较低;Bias为单峰型分布,春季最高,12月份Bias最低。3）空间分布上,中国中部和东部地区的Corr较高,北方和高原地区部分站点的Corr较低;中部和东部地区为RMSE低值区,这些区域Himawari-9短波辐射高于地基总辐射,西部、北部和高原地区为RMSE高值区,Himawari-9短波辐射低于地基总辐射。4）进一步分析海拔高度对Himawari-9短波辐射质量的影响,整体上随海拔高度增加,Corr减小,RMSE增大,在海拔高度低于2000 m的地区Himawari-9短波辐射整体高于地基总辐射,高于2000 m的地区Himawari-9短波辐射存在对低辐照度高估、对高辐照度低估的特征;通过不同卫星仰角分组评估表明,在中低海拔地区,RMSE呈单谷型分布,仰角在20°~25°时,RMSE最低,仰角低于20°时,Bias为负值,随仰角增加,Bias转为正值并逐渐增大,高海拔地区在仰角低于35 °时,评估结果差异较小,仰角大于35°,Corr最低,RMSE最高。
Abstract
A multi-temporal and spatial scale evaluation of Himawari-9 shortwave radiation data is conducted using hourly total radiation measurements from 136 ground-based radiation stations across China in 2023. The results show that： 1） On a national average diurnal variation, during 08:00—18:00, the correlation coefficient （Corr） between the Himawari-9 shortwave radiation data and the ground-based radiation data exceeds 0.85, displaying a unimodal distribution. The highest correlation occurs at 09:00 and 10:00, both reaching 0.95, while the lowest occurs at 19:00, with a value of 0.77. The root mean square error （RMSE） also shows a unimodal pattern, with the highest RMSE at 15:00, reaching 119.19 W/m², and the lowest at 08:00, only reaching 49.73 W/m². The bias exhibits a bimodal distribution, with peaks at 10:00 and 15:00. The highest bias occurs at 15:00, reaching 49.63 W/m², and at 10:00 it is 18.46 W/m². The lowest bias is observed at 19:00, with a value of 0.04 W/m². 2） On a national average annual variation, the correlation coefficient displays a bimodal distribution, but there is little variation between months. The two peak values appear in April and October, both at 0.96. The RMSE shows a unimodal distribution, peaking in summer （July-August） with values exceeding 100 W/m², while lower values are observed in autumn and winter. The bias follows a unimodal distribution, with the highest values in spring. In March and April, the bias exceeds 25 W/m², and the lowest value occurs in December, at 6.68 W/m². 3） Spatially, higher correlation values are concentrated in central and eastern China, while lower values are found at some stations in northern and plateau regions. Central and eastern regions are low RMSE areas, where Himawari-9 shortwave radiation data exceeds ground-based radiation data, while western, northern, and plateau regions are high RMSE areas, where Himawari-9 shortwave radiation data is lower than ground-based radiation data. 4） Further analysis of the impact of altitude on the quality of Himawari-9 shortwave radiation data shows that, overall, as altitude increases, the correlation coefficient decreases, and RMSE increases. In regions below 2000 m, Himawari-9 shortwave radiation data generally exceeds ground-based measurements, while in regions above 2000 m, Himawari-9 shortwave radiation data tends to overestimate low irradiance and underestimate high irradiance. Grouping by satellite zenith angle reveals that, in low- to mid-altitude regions, RMSE shows a single-valley distribution. At zenith angles between 20° and 25°, RMSE is the lowest. When the zenith angle is below 20°, the bias is negative, but as the zenith angle increases, the bias becomes positive and gradually increases. In high-altitude regions, there is little difference when the zenith angle is below 35°, but when it exceeds 35°, the correlation coefficient is the lowest, and RMSE is the highest.
关键词
Himawari-9 /
短波辐射 /
辐射评估 /
相关性分析 /
系统偏差
Key words
Himawari-9 /
shortwave radiation /
radiation evaluation /
correlation analysis /
systematic Bias
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基金
国家重点研发计划（2021YFC3090200）
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